Fluids

Question 1

What is the total body water in a healthy pet

Answer 1

~60%

Question 2

What is the total body water in a young vs old pet

Answer 2

Young - 70%
Old - 50%

Question 3

What is the blood volume in a dog vs a cat

Answer 3

Dog - 80-90 ml/kg
Cat - 40-60 ml/kg

Question 4

how much of TBW is blood

Answer 4

~7%

Question 5

What are the two types of water loses

Answer 5

Sensible & insensible

Question 6

What are sensible water losses

Answer 6

Urination

Question 7

What are insensible water loses (4)

Answer 7

Fecal
Respiration
Cutaneous
Salivary

Question 8

What is the purpose of maintenance in fluid therapy and how is it determined

Answer 8

Maintain zero balance
Determined from loss (67% sensible & 33% insensible)

Question 9

What are the compartments TBW is held in

Answer 9

Barrier - cell membranes
Intracellular - 30-40%
Extracellular - 16-20%

Question 10

What are the maintenance requirements in adults vs neonates

Answer 10

Adults - 60ml/kg/day
Neonates - 70ml/kg/day

Question 11

What are the extracellular fluid compartments

Answer 11

Interstitial
Plasma
Trans cellular

Question 12

T/F water and electrolytes are permeable across all barriers

Answer 12

FALSE - Water is, electrolytes cannot cross cell membranes (need pump)

Question 13

T/F colloids are large so they cannot cross any barriers, meaning they stay wherever they are put

Answer 13

TRUE - if put in vascular supply, will stay there

Question 14

Which fluid compartment is first affected by administration and losses

Answer 14

ECF

Question 15

What are ECF electrolytes

Answer 15

Na, cl, hco3 (carbonate)

Question 16

What are ICF electrolytes

Answer 16

k, mg2

Question 17

How can Na & Cl move through the cell membrance

Answer 17

Pump (3Na out & 2Cl in) maintain electrical potential of -70mv

Question 18

What regulates water and electrolytes in the body (2)

Answer 18

Pituitary & kidney

Question 19

How does the pituitary regulate fluid balance

Answer 19

^ osmolity will release ADH to retain water and ^ urine concentration
Decrease osmolity will withhold ADH and decrease urine concentration

Question 20

How do the kidneys regulate fluid in the body

Answer 20

Decrease blood flow will cause aldosterone to release and Na retention, water conservation, and increase thirst

Question 21

What is dehydration, when does it become shock

Answer 21

Excess loss of fluids
12-15% = shock

Question 22

What are the types of fluid loss (3)

Answer 22

Water (primary)
Water and electrolytes
Blood loss

Question 23

What causes water loss & what diseases most commonly cause it

Answer 23

Excess water being excreted by the kidneys
Diabetes insipidus and renal failure

Question 24

What causes water and electrolytes loss

Answer 24

V/D
Wounds/burns
Ascites
Perionitis

Question 25

T/F electrolyte loss is the same regardless of what is causing the loss

Answer 25

FALSE - electrolytes lost will depend on how the losses are happening Ex) v/d vs burns

Question 26

What would cause sodium loss

Answer 26

V/D Addison's (hypoadrenocorticism) Renal

Question 27

what would cause chloride loss

Answer 27

Vomiting - hydrochloric acid in stomach being vomited out

Question 28

What could cause loss of potassium

Answer 28

Anorexia Vomiting Cushing's (hyperadrenocorticism) Diabetes mellitus

Question 29

What could cause loss of bicarbonate

Answer 29

Diarrhea

Question 30

What clinical problems can potassium abnormalities cause

Answer 30

Arrythmias Muscle problems Kidney problems Affects acid-base balance

Question 31

What does hypokalemia cause

Answer 31

Muscle weakness & rhabdomyolysis ECG anomalies Acidosis Kidney issues

Question 32

What could hyperkalemia cause, what clinical case is it really common in

Answer 32

Muscle weakness Arrythmias Common in blocked cats

Question 33

About how much fluid is lost in a vomiting/diarrhea dog

Answer 33

4ml/kg

Question 34

How much does 1 kg equal in fluid. How much does 1 pound equal in fluid

Answer 34

1kg = 1 liter 1lb = 480ml

Question 35

What signs are shown with 5-6% dehydration

Answer 35

Subtle loss of elasticity Skin not tenting

Question 36

What signs are shown with 6-8% dehydration

Answer 36

Mild skin tenting +/- increased CRT, dry MM, sunken eyes

Question 37

What signs are shown with 9-12% dehydration

Answer 37

Decreased turgor with prolonged tenting Increased CRT, dry MM, sunken eyes +/- shock signs

Question 38

What signs are shown with 12-15% dehydration

Answer 38

Shock/near death Tachycardia, tachypnea, cold extreme ties, poor peripheral pulse, altered mentation

Question 39

What Lab work can you use to check hydration status

Answer 39

PCV (increases with plasma loss) TP (generally increases w/ dehydration) USG Electrolytes

Question 40

What clinical measurements can you do to measure hydration status

Answer 40

Urine output Central venous pressure

Question 41

What is the normal urine output of a healthy pet

Answer 41

1-2 ml/kg/hr

Question 42

What 3 body systems regulate acid/base

Answer 42

Renal Respiratory Buffers

Question 43

How does the renal system regulate acid/base

Answer 43

Regulates bicarb

Question 44

How does the respiratory system regulate acid/base

Answer 44

CO2 ^=acidosis Decrease=alkalosis