Midterm

Question 1

The atomic theory states that a nucleus contains ______
And _______ and hold _______ in an orbit due to opposite charges.

Answer 1

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 2

What is meant by the term of ionizing radiation?

Answer 2

Ionizing radiation is energy that can remove electrons from atoms, forming ions.

Question 3

T/F: long wavelength radiation has less energy than short wavelength radiation

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

Explain the role of kV in x-ray photon production and describe one process that occurs in the anode that leads to photons production

Answer 4

The kV controls how fast the electrons hit the anode. Higher kV makes higher-energy (more penetrating) X-rays.

Question 5

T/F: Electromagnetic radiation with lower frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

The properties of electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray spectrum that are useful in medicine include:

Answer 6

Penetration of objects, elicit fluorescence, excite/ionize, biological changes, scatter

Question 7

How much energy, used to produce an X-ray beam, is actually useful for photon production?

Answer 7

Less than 1%

Question 8

The anode deflects electrons from the cathode to the patient because of the angle of the anode.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

what parameter must be altered in the process of the photon production to change the number of electrons that are produced?

Answer 9

Miliamperage and time, kVp also can alter the amount because the old kVp remains

Question 10

A lower power X-ray machine uses a ________ anode because the heat produced is much less.

Answer 10

Stationary

Question 11

Exposure of tissues not within the primary beam by photons created when electrons hit the anode outside the actual target is due to:

Answer 11

Off focus radiation

Question 12

T/F: Stochastic damage from ionizing radiation can occur to the body without exceeding a threshold of exposure

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

The line focus principles creates and effective photon beam with out accelerating anode damage due to

Answer 13

Decreasing the size of the effective focal spot and increasing the heat dissipation area.

Question 14

How are ‘soft’ X-ray photons eliminated from the primary beam?

Answer 14

An aluminum filter is placed between the anode and the collimator

Question 15

Ionizing radiation can be very dangerous. What principles are used to decrease the danger?

Answer 15

Distance, time, shielding

Question 16

What is the MPD for non-pregnant individuals, >18yrs old?

Answer 16

5 mSV

Question 17

Describe the effects that ionizing radiation can have on cells in the body

Answer 17

No effect, repairable damage (to cells), irreparable damage (leads to cancer) , destruction

Question 18

What is the purpose of a radiation dosimeter?

Answer 18

Measure the amount of ionizing radiation exposure we receive when performing radiographs

Question 19

T/F: Scatter from the primary beam is the most important when it comes to occupational exposure

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What does the acronym ALARA mean and what is done at CSN to achieve it?

Answer 20

As Low As Reasonably Achievable
-Technique chart
-positioning aids
-Dosimetry
-Emergency producers
-quality control
ALSO THE BIG 3
Time, distance, shielding

Question 21

Explain two ways to alter the quantity of photons in an X-ray beam

Answer 21

Milliamperage
Time

Question 22

T/F: the quality of photons in an X-ray beam can be altered by variation of the kV and the resulting change in electrical potential from the cathode to the anode

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

How is the inverse square law important in x-radiation?

Answer 23

The principle that X-ray beam intensity changes relative to the distance

Question 24

Name the 5 basic tissue densities, in order, from least to most, which can be seen on a radiograph

Answer 24

1. Air
2. Fat/oil
3. Water
4. Bone
5. Metal

Question 25

Define radiographic scatter

Answer 25

Photons that hit an object (and go through?) and disperse in all directions.

Question 26

Radiographic density is ____________________. Describe two ways to change density.

Answer 26

Overall degrees of blackness 1.adjusting mA 2. Adjusting S (time) 3. Adjusting kVp

Question 27

Part 1; “Tank” has an abdominal thickness of 17cm. What should the initial kVp setting be for a table top film?

Answer 27

2 x 17cm + 40 =74 cm (Sante’s rule 2x(thickness in cm) + 40)

Question 28

part 2; What effect would placing the cassette in the film tray have on the answer for the Previous question?

Answer 28

Must include grid factor to kVP to santes rule

Question 29

The measurement of dose equivalent is the REM or Sievert. How many REM in a Sievert?

Answer 29

0.01

Question 30

The lead equivalent in the shielding apparel at CSN can stop _____ % of the primary beam

Answer 30

25%

Question 31

What is the purpose of a screen in a cassette?

Answer 31

To expose film, photons hit the screen- it glows and exposes the film.

Question 32

How does elongation on a radiographic image occur?

Answer 32

X-ray source is not perpendicular to the image receptor

Question 33

The ability to see the difference between adjacent structures in the patient is due to the amount of _______ on a film and can be altered by adjusting the amount of ________.

Answer 33

Contrast KVp

Question 34

T/F; A grid is used to eliminate the effects of scatter on a radiographic image.

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

What are requirements for a proper radiograph label?

Answer 35

Date Name of patient/client last name Clinic # of film Location of what is being xrayed

Question 36

T/F: it is important to match the screen speed and film speed as well as film color sensitivity with screen fluorescence

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

What affect does placing lead foil in the back of the cassette have on an X-ray image?

Answer 37

Stops scatter from going back to the film

Question 38

T/F: contrast and density are two aspects critiqued when evaluating the quality of a radiograph.

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

After determining what type of contrast is needed for particular image, the first questions to ask when evaluation a radiographs is….? The second question?? How do you determine the answer to the second question?

Answer 39

1.Is it too light or too dark? 2.Is it under-penetrated or over-penetrated? 3.By observing if there is anatomical silhouettes

Question 40

After an appropriate patient is available, what are the steps for formulating a technique chart?

Answer 40

Measure patients abdomen in cm and apply sante’s rule which will give the initial kVp setting. Set mA and time (secs) should be adjusted for screen type. Take the image and evaluate- adjust settings accordingly until clear image. Modify kVp based on cm of the patient and what you are imaging.

Question 41

T/F: technique charts for various body parts require santes rule be used to create each chart.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

T/F: the kVp should be decreased by ~50% in patients with internal effusions

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Name 6 quality control test that can be performed for any x-ray machine

Answer 43

Check SID, check perpendicularity, checks locks of X-ray tube, 9 penny test for check X-ray light field is aligned with actual X-ray field, ensure collimation of light on the table matches the knobs

Question 44

________ is considered a disadvantage of digital radiography.

Answer 44

Interfacing PACS with hospital information system

Question 45

What does PACS stand for and what is it?

Answer 45

Picture archiving communication system -manipulation/display -Allows for storage, retrieval, management, distribution of digital medical images.

Question 46

Is this image placed correctly?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

Is this image placed correctly?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

Is this image placed correctly?

Answer 48

Yes

Question 49

Is this image placed correctly?

Answer 49

Yes