What type of receptors are (1) located in the aorta and internal carotid vessel walls, (2) detect changes in BP and (3) stimulate the ANS?
Baroreceptors
What is the Path of Conduction in the Heart?
- SA Node
- AV Node
- Bundle of HIS
- Purkinje Network
- Atrial contraction
- Rt and Lt Bundle branches
- Ventricle Contraction
- SA Node
- Atrial contraction
- AV Node
- Bundle of HIS
- Rt and Lt Bundle branches
- Purkinje Network
- Ventricle Contraction
How does blood exit the heart? (2)
- By the aorta
- Through the right and left coronary arteries
Match the Cardiac Test with what they measure:
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiogram, Exercise Stress Test, Cardiac Catheterization
- Pressures in the heart
- Electrical activity of the heart
- Real-time moving images pf the heart’s vessels, chambers and walls
- Heart rate, rhythm, and blood pressure during activity
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Electrical activity of the heart
Echocardiogram
- Real-time moving images pf the heart’s vessels, chambers and walls
Exercise Stress Test
- Heart rate, rhythm, and blood pressure during activity
Cardiac Catheterization
- Pressures in the heart
Match the Cardiac Test with what they measure:
Chest X-ray, Angiography, Serum Cardiac Markers/Enzymes
- Images of the chest cavity
- Using dye, images of the path and state of coronary arteries
- Markers (CPK-MB, LDH, AST) released from necrotic heart tissue
Chest X-ray
- Images of the chest cavity
Angiography
- Using dye, images of the path and state of coronary arteries
Serum Cardiac Markers/Enzymes
- Circulating markers (CPK-MB, LDH, AST) released from necrotic heart tissue
True or false: Age-related changes have sudden onset; Pathogenic changes progress more slowly
False
**PATHOGENIC changes have sudden onset; **AGE-RELATED changes progress more slowly
What is NOT true of Coronary Artery Disease?
a. Major coronary arteries supplying the myocardium are blocked
b. Caused by spasm, or narrowing and hardening of arteries
c. Asymptomatic until blood supply to tissue is 60%
d. Chest pain with activity that does not subside with rest
d. Chest pain with activity that **DOES subside with rest
What is NOT true of Angina Pectoris
a. Substernal pain radiating out: vicelike, burning, squeezing or pressure
b. Due to decreased O2 to heart (ischemia)
c. Leads to Coronary Artery Disease
d. Other symptoms include diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting
c. **RESULT OF Coronary Artery Disease
S&S of _____ include:
- Crushing, stabbing, severe chest pain
- Radiates to jaw, arms, neck
- Not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
- Diaphoresis, pallor, weakness
- May present more vaguely in women
Myocardial Infarction
What is NOT true of Myocardial Infarction
a. Prolonged total occlusion of coronary arteries resulting in necrosis of myocardium
b. Outcome influenced by size of necrotic area, location, presence of collateral circulation
c. Etiology: Coronary thrombosis, arteriosclerotic changes
d. Treatment: Aspirin (ASA)
d. Treatment: Aspirin (ASA)
Aspirin, along with morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin (MONA)
What are 4 Complications of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Dysrhythmias
- Heart failure
- Pulmonary edema
- Recurrent MI
MONA is the standard Initial treatment for MI. What does it stand for?
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
Combined therapy to decrease O2 demand and increase blood supply to heart
What is NOT true of Coronary Angioplasty
a. Treatment for CAD that does not require open heart surgery
b. “Percutaneous transluminal” = through the skin, withing the lumen of the artery
c. Balloon is inserted and inflated to open the narrowed vessel
d. Stents can be placed within the vessel to treat abrupt or threated vessel closure
All are true
What is NOT true of Arrhythmia/Dysrhythmia?
a. Rhythm disturbance due to conduction system disfunction
b. SA Node arrythmias: Bradycardia (100-150bpm) or Tachycardia (<60 bpm)
c. Arrythmias of atrium, AV, and ventricle also exist
d. Caused by Ischemic heart disease, drug therapy, electrolyte disturbances, metabolic acidosis
b.
Bradycardia is abnormally slow (<60 bpm)
Tachycardia is abnormally fast (>100-150bpm)
True or false: “Heart block” is when there is no conduction from the SA/AV node requiring pace maker insertion
True
What is NOT true of Ventricular Dysrhythmias?
a. Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) are extra beats that are harmless when on occasion but can cause Ventricular Fibrillation when frequent
b. Ventricular Tachycardia = 150-250 bpm, increased output
c. Ventricular Tachycardia can result in lost consciousness, lost pulse, Ventricular Fibrillation
d. Ventricular Fibrillation occurs because of uncoordinated contractions of muscle and results in no cardiac output
b. Ventricular Tachycardia = 150-250 bpm, **DECREASED output
Name 4 Treatments for Dysrhythmia?
- Antidysrhythmic drugs
- Elective electrical cardioversion
- Defibrillation (life-threatening)
- Pacemakers
What is NOT true of Mitral Stenosis?
a. Thickened valve reduces outflow, dilates L Ventricle, and backs blood up in the lungs
b. Primary cause is Rheumatic Heart Disease but can also be congenital
c. S&S: Dyspnea, cough, fatigue, chest pain (same as Mitral Regurgitation)
d. Treatment: Drugs, Na+/fluid restrictions, activity restrictions, surgery
a. Thickened valve reduces outflow, dilates L **ATRIUM, and backs blood up in the lungs
What is NOT true of Mitral Regurgitation?
a. Enlarged, floppy valves cusps allow blood to flow backwards resulting in hypertrophied L Atrium and L Ventricle and eventual L Sided CHF
b. Occurs more in men
c. S&S: Dyspnea, cough, fatigue, chest pain (same as Mitral Stenosis)
d. Treatment: Vasodilators, Na+ restrictions, activity restrictions, surgery
All are true
Match the Valve Disorder Term with its definition
Mitral Valve, Aortic Valve, Stenosis, Regurgitation
- Valve between the L Atrium and L Ventricle
- Valve between the L Ventricle and Aorta
- Backwards leaking of blood due to the failure of a valve to close properly
- Narrowing of a valve that restricts the forward flow of blood
Mitral Valve
- Valve between the L Atrium and L Ventricle
Aortic Valve
- Valve between the L Ventricle and Aorta
Stenosis
- Backwards leaking of blood due to the failure of a valve to close properly
Regurgitation
- Narrowing of a valve that restricts the forward flow of blood
What is NOT true of Aortic Stenosis?
a. Valve cusps become fibrotic and calcify limiting passage of blood
b. Caused by Congenital defects, Rheumatic fever, Syphilis
c. Caused by Aging (atherosclerosis, calcification)
d. Treatment: drug therapy, high sodium diet, exercise, surgery (balloon valvuloplasty, aortic valve)
d. Treatment: drug therapy, **LOW sodium diet, **ACTIVITY RESTRICTION, surgery (balloon valvuloplasty, aortic valve
What is NOT true of Aortic Regurgitation?
a. Thickened valve cusps permit backflow of blood into the the L Atrium
b. Leads to Ischemia and Left Side CHF
c. Caused by Rheumatic fever, blunt chest trauma, calcification, chronic hypertension
d. S&S: Tachycardia, palpations, increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
a. Thickened valve cusps permit backflow of blood into the the L **VENTRICLE
What is the significance of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Disease? (4)
- Acute systemic infection (STREP/STAPH) that affects the skin, joints, and heart
- Results in ENDOCARDITIS: verrucae form on valves and scar
- Results in PERCARDITIS: inflammation of the outer layer causing pleural effusions or adhesions
- Common cause of VALVE DEFECTS
S&S of _____ Congestive Heart Failure affect the lungs and include:
- Fatigue
- Paroxysmal nocturnal apnea
- Hypoxia
- Crackles
- Cyanosis
- Cough with pink frothy sputum
Left-sided
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Intro to Patho12
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Inflammation & Healing24
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Neoplasms & Cancer25
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Fluid & Electrolytes34
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Acid Base15
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Immunity21
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Respiratory Disorders48
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Heart Disorders36
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Infections7
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Neurologic Disorders41
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Hematological Disorders28
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Endocrine Disorders19
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Urinary Disorders12
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GI Disorders29
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MSK Disorders27
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Integumentary Disorders1
