Urinary Disorders

Question 1

• Pain on urination, increased frequency, incontinence
• Infection of the bladder (lower tract)
• E coli
• More common in women

Answer 1

Cystitis (UTI)

Question 2

• Development of multiple tumors that spread to adjacent tissues
• Painless initially, hematuria
• May require urinary diversion

Answer 2

Bladder Cancer

Question 3

• Enlarged prostate obstructs the urethra
• Difficulty urinating, nocturia, UTIs

Answer 3

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

Question 4

• Intense radiating flank pain, nausea, vomiting
• Caused by hypercalcemia, parathyroid tumor
• Calcium salts in kidney
• Removed by laser, surgery, ultrasound, passing

Answer 4

Urolithiasis

Question 5

• Cancer that is more common in older males exposed to environmental toxins
• Hematuria (early) then increased frequency, dysuria (late)

Answer 5

Kidney Cancer

Question 6

Match the Urinary Test with its purpose:

C&S, Cystoscopy, Serum tests, Urinalysis
- Determine colour, consistency, odor, pH
- Visualize LUT or remove kidney stones
- Identify infectious organism and treatment
- Assess kidney filtration function based on BUN/creatinine/Hgb/renin levels

Answer 6

C&S
- Identify infectious organism and treatment

Cystoscopy
- Visualize LUT or remove kidney stones

Serum tests
- Assess kidney filtration function based on BUN/creatinine/Hgb/renin levels

Urinalysis
- Determine colour, consistency, odor, pH

Question 7

Match the type of Dialysis with its descriptions:

Peritoneal Dialysis, Hemodialysis
- Dialyzing fluid is run into the abdomen through catheter
- Blood is drawn through the arm, cleaned, and returned to radial vein
- Exchange of wastes and electrolytes occurs in a machine
- Exchange of wastes and electrolytes occurs across the peritoneal membrane
- Performed at dialysis unit or hospital
- Performed at dialysis unit or at home
- Greatest risk is infection
- Greatest risk is blood clotting, hepatitis or HIV

Answer 7

Peritoneal Dialysis
- Dialyzing fluid is run into the abdomen through catheter
- Exchange of wastes and electrolytes occurs across the peritoneal membrane
- Performed at dialysis unit or at home
- Greatest risk is infection

Hemodialysis
- Blood is drawn through the arm, cleaned, and returned to radial vein
- Exchange of wastes and electrolytes occurs in a machine
- Performed at dialysis unit or hospital
- Greatest risk is blood clotting, hepatitis or HIV

Question 8

Match the Kidney Infection with its descriptions:

Pyelonephritis, Glomerulonephritis
- Both kidneys involved
- One or both kidneys involved
- E coli infection travels up ureters
- Strep infection causes inflammatory response in kidneys
- Presence of fever, dysuria
- Presence of edema, dark coloured urine
- Can cause Acute Renal Failure
- Can cause Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 8

Pyelonephritis
- One or both kidneys involved
- E coli infection travels up ureters
- Presence of fever, dysuria
- Can cause Chronic Renal Failure

Glomerulonephritis
- Both kidneys involved
- Strep infection causes inflammatory response in kidneys
- Presence of edema, dark coloured urine
- Can cause Acute Renal Failure

Question 9

• Increased permeability in glomerular capillaries = protein and fat loss to urine
• Edema **, ascites
• Secondary to renal diseases and systemic disorders
• More common in men, young children
• Treated with glucocorticoids and ACE inhibitors

Answer 9

Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 10

• First sign of Kidney/Bladder Cancer
• Blood in urine

Answer 10

Hematuria

Question 11

• Inflammation and necrosis of tubules causing obstruction and back pressure = reduced GFR
• Elevated serum urea nitrogen, creatinine; hyperkalemia
• Oliguria, eventually leads to anuria
• May require dialysis

Answer 11

Acute Renal Failure

Question 12

• More than 90% nephrons have died; irreversible
• Electrolyte and waste toxicity
• Oliguria and anuria
• Requires dialysis

Answer 12

Chronic Renal Failure (late stage)

Early stage: 60% lost, decreased GFR
Second stage: 75% lost, decreased GFR, retention of nitrogen wastes