Neurologic Disorders Flashcards by Elisha Ida

The Brain needs constant O2. What happens when the following happens?
- CO2 increases
- pH decreases
- BP decreases

Vasodilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 Components of a Physical Exam related to neurological disorders?

LOC
Pupillary evaluation
Neuromuscular reflexes
Vitals
Glasgow Coma Scale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 4 Diagnostic Tests related to a neurological disorders

CT Scan
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Lumbar Puncture
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the Head Injury with its description:

Scalp Injury, Concussion/TBI, Contusion, Hematoma, Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Rupture of a cerebral artery due to severe hypertension
- Lacerations and contusions of the head
- Bruising or bleeding of brain tissue
- Blow to the head that causes sudden excessive movement of the brain; temporary LOC
- Collection of blood in brain tissue due to ruptured blood vessels

Scalp Injury
- Lacerations and contusions of the head

Concussion/TBI
- Blow to the head that causes sudden excessive movement of the brain; temporary LOC

Contusion
- Bruising or bleeding of brain tissue

Hematoma
- Collection of blood in brain tissue due to ruptured blood vessels

Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Rupture of a cerebral artery due to severe hypertension

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or false: Primary TBIs are due to hypoxia; Secondary TBIs are due to trauma

False

Primary TBIs are due to TRAUMA; Secondary TBIs are due to HYPOXIA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

S&S of _____ include:

Decreased LOC
Confusion, combativeness
Nausea, vomiting
LOR
Amnesia
CSF or blood draining (ear or nose)

Traumatic Brain Injuries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

S&S of _____ include:

Decreased LOC (most reliable indicator)
Pupil dilation with no response to light
Motor deficits (often unilateral)
Abnormal posturing
Incontinence
Increased BP, decreased HR, respiratory depression

Increased Intracranial Pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can we do to Decrease Intracranial Pressure? (5)

Positioning (Head 30-45 degrees)
Mechanical ventilation to control hyperventilation, lower excess CO2
Increase fluids
Hypersensitive
Mechanical drainage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the Abnormal Tone with its definition:

Hyperreflexia, Spastic paralysis, Flaccid paralysis/Areflexia
- Lack of inhibition in muscles
- Lack of excitation in muscles
- Increased muscle tone and reflexes

Hyperreflexia
- Increased muscle tone and reflexes

Spastic paralysis
- Lack of inhibition in muscles

Flaccid paralysis/Areflexia
- Lack of excitation in muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the Abnormal Posture with its description:

Decorticate posture, Decerebrate posture, Opisthotonic posture
- Extension of all limbs
- Flexion/adduction in arms, extension in legs
- Extension in all limbs and spine

Decorticate posture
- Flexion/adduction in arms, extension in legs
(due to damage in cerebral hemispheres)

Decerebrate posture
- Extension of all limbs
(due to lesions in brain stem or CNS depression)

Opisthotonic posture
- Extension in all limbs and spine
(most severe)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is NOT true of Spinal Cord Injuries?

a. More common in young adults, females
b. Common causes: MVAs, diving, surfing, athletic accidents, gunshot wounds
c. Etiology: traumatic compression, hyperflexion, or hyperextension of spinal cord; 1/3 victims die immediately
d. Treatment: Re-alignment of spinal cord through traction or surgery

a. More common in young adults, **MALES

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

S&S of _____ include:

Neurogenic shock
Difficulty breathing
Incontinence
Priapism (sustained erection)
Loss of sensation and movement below level of lesion

Spinal Cord Injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match the Type of Spinal Cord Injury with its definition:

Paraplegia, Quadriplegia, Hemiplegia
- Paralysis in both legs
- Paralysis of all four limbs
- Paralysis of arm and leg on same side

Paraplegia
- Paralysis in both legs

Quadriplegia
- Paralysis of all four limbs

Hemiplegia
- Paralysis of arm and leg on same side

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is NOT a complication of Spinal Cord Injury?

a. Altered ANS conductions due to inflammation and bleeding (Spinal shock)
b. Ineffective breathing pattern (injury above T4)
c. Autonomic dysreflexia
d. Ineffective temperature regulations
e. Risk for injury and loss of skin integrity
f. Contractures
g. Bowel and bladder incontinence
h. Self-care deficit
i. Ineffective coping, depression

b. Ineffective breathing pattern (injury above **C5)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is NOT true of Autonomic Dysreflexia?

a. Irritation to the body triggers a massive Sympathetic response
b. Can be life-threatening (stroke, heart failure)
c. Occurs in Spinal injuries around T4 or T6
d. Irritants are usually below the injury and thus undetected (ex. full bladder, kidney stones, infection, sunburn, pressure sores)
e. S&S: Increased BP compensated with decreased HR; anxiety and nausea; sweating/flushing below injury, goosebumps/pale above

e. S&S: Increased BP compensated with decreased HR;
anxiety and nausea;
sweating/flushing **ABOVE injury, goosebumps/pale **BELOW

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can we do to Decrease Autonomic Dysreflexia? (5)

Raise HOB
Check, empty, or irrigate catheter
Administer blood pressure medications
Check bowel
Check for external sources of injury/pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is NOT true of Seizure Disorders?

a. Chaotic neural impulses = hyperactivity of neurons
b. Excessive use of O2 and glucose stores that can lead to permanent damage
c. Cause of trauma, reduced cerebral perfusion, infection, fluid/electrolyte disturbances , poisoning, tumors, genetics
d. Chronic Seizure Condition is called “Epilepsy”

Study These Flashcards

d. Chronic Seizure Condition is called “Epilepsy”

This is an outdated term

Seizure disorders are classified by their location in the brain and clinical features. Match the Seizure Classifications with their descriptions:

Generalized, Partial (focal),
- Multiple foci Deep in cerebral hemisphere and Brainstem
- Single foci in Cerebral Cortex
- With LOC
- May or may not alter conscious state
- Include Motor, Sensory, Autonomic, Psychic seizures
- Include Tonic-clonic (grand mal), Absence (petit mal), Myoclonic, Atonic

Study These Flashcards

Generalized
- Multiple foci Deep in cerebral hemisphere and Brainstem
- With LOC
- Include Tonic-clonic (grand mal), Absence (petit mal), Myoclonic, Atonic

Partial (focal)
- Single foci in Cerebral Cortex
- May or may not alter conscious state
- Include Motor, Sensory, Autonomic, Psychic seizures

What is NOT true of Partial Seizure Disorders?

a. Two types: Simple (no impaired consciousness) and Complex (impaired consciousness)
b. Simple Partial seizures often originate in the temporal lobe and produce bizarre involuntary movements like lip-smacking, chewing, fumbling, or picking at clothes
c. Complex Partial seizures are manifested by repeated motor activity related to the damaged foci
d. Some Partial Seizures can progress into Generalized Seizures

Study These Flashcards

b. and c.

**COMPLEX Partial seizures often originate in the temporal lobe and produce bizarre involuntary movements like lip-smacking, chewing, fumbling, or picking at clothes

**SIMPLE partial seizures are manifested by repeated motor activity related to the damaged foci

What is NOT true of Tonic-Clonic Seizure Disorders

a. Often proceeded by Prodromal stage and Aura; begins with LOC often resulting in a fall
b. Hypoxia is the biggest concern
c. Tonic phase: strong flexion then extension wherein person cries out and clenches jaw
d. Clonic phase: alternating contraction/relaxation of muscles creates jerky movements
e. Consciousness is regained once contractions stop and person is able to continue previous activity

Study These Flashcards

e. Consciousness is regained once contractions stop and person is able to continue previous activity

Person wakes up fatigued, disoriented, achy (Postictal phase)

True or false: First Aid Intervention during a seizure involves the following:
- Make area safe
- Restrain pt’s limbs to protect from injury
- Never put anything in their mouth
- Reassure when over

Study These Flashcards

False

Restraining pt creates greater risk for injury of pt and care provider

What is NOT true of Alzheimer’s Disease?

a. Etiology unknown; hallmarked by Amyloid plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, ACh deficiency
b. Gradual decline in 3 major areas: memory, language, and interest in surrounding (apathy)
c. Treatment is not curative: Anticholinesterases, controlled and individualized activity, environmental changes
d. Accounts for 50% of Dementia cases

Study These Flashcards

b. Gradual decline in **4 major areas: memory, language, **ATTENTION, and interest in surrounding (apathy)

Match the Dementia Type with its description:

Vascular, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, AIDS, Lewy Body
- Abnormal protein plaques causing hallucinations and motor impairments similar to Parkinson’s
- Rare and rapidly progressing, caused by prion infection
- Result of cerebrovascular diseases (CVA or TIAs)
- In later stages of this disease, the virus invades brain tissue

Study These Flashcards

Vascular
- Result of cerebrovascular diseases (CVA or TIAs)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
- Rare and rapidly progressing, caused by prion infection

AIDS
- In later stages of this disease, the virus invades brain tissue

Lewy Body
- Abnormal protein plaques causing hallucinations and motor impairments similar to Parkinson’s

S&S of _____ include:

Short term memory loss and behavioural changes
Continuous decline in function, problem-solving, language, recognition, ADLs
Delirium
Physical and motor function impairment (later stages)

Study These Flashcards

Dementia

Describe an Absence (petit mal) Seizure (3)

- Brief loss of awareness, looks like "daydreaming" - Lasts 5-10 seconds before return to previous activity, no memory of seizure - More common in children than adults

Dementia, MS, Myasthenia Gravis, ALS, Huntington's Chorea, and Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy are ____ of the brain

Degenerative Disorders

What is NOT true of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)? a. Progressive, demyelination of neurons in brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves interferes with conduction b. Plaques form on neurons, inflame, then subside leading to cycles of remission and exacerbation c. Etiology unknown; more prevalent in men d. Onset usually between age 20-40; progressive but highly variable

c. Etiology unknown; more common in **WOMEN

S&S of _____ include: - Blurred vision (early sign) - Weakness - Scotoma (spot in visual field) - Paresthesia and paralysis - Fatigue

Multiple Sclerosis

What is NOT true of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)? a. Degenerative damage to Upper and Lower Sensory neurons b. Etiology unknown; viral cause suspected c. S&S: mild weakness in limbs, progressing to completed motor loss d. Management: medication and suctioning to manage saliva, ADL supports and devices, communication aides, dietary changes e. Death usually within 3 years of onset

a. Degenerative damage to Upper and Lower **MOTOR neurons Upper - spastic Lower - flaccid

What is NOT true of Parkinson's Disease (PD)? a. Etiology unknown; more prevalent in men b. Dopamine deficiency results in cardinal motor symptoms of PD c. S&S: resting tremors, difficulty initiating movement (Bradykinesia), rigidity, forward posture, shuffling gait, dysarthria, dysphasia d. Treatment: DA replacement therapy, OT, PT, SLP

All are true

What is NOT true of Huntington's Chorea? a. Atrophy of Basal Ganglia and Frontal Cortex impairs inhibitory control and finetune movements b. Autosomal dominant inherited disease c. Onset in childhood d. S&S: Jerky or writhing movements (Chorea), behavioral and personality changes, depression, rigidity and akinesia (later stages)

c. Onset in childhood Huntington's becomes symptomatic in midlife (age 30-50)

What is NOT true of Myasthenia Gravis? a. Autoimmune response to ACh receptors impairs ACh stimulation of skeletal muscle b. Etiology unknown; more common in women c. Arm and trunk muscles are first to be affected, followed by facial and ocular d. S&S: Loss of facial expressions, fatigue, double vision (Diplopia) and upper lid drooping (Ptosis), speech and nasal monotone e. Treatment: Anticholinesterase agents, plasmapheresis (remove antibodies from blood)

c. Arm and trunk muscles are first to be affected, followed by facial and ocular Face and ocular muscles are initially affected

What is NOT true of Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy? a. Lack of Dystrophin (muscle stabilizing protein) leads to muscle degeneration b. Gradual loss of muscle function; distal muscles (Gower's maneuver) before proximal muscles c. Etiology: X-linked chromosomal disorder, more common in boys d. Primarily neuromuscular though 30% also experience cognitive (verbal) impairment

b. Gradual loss of muscle function; **PROXIMAL muscles (Gower's maneuver) before **DISTAL muscles

Meningitis, Encephalitis, Reye's Syndrome, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome are _____ of the brain

Infectious Diseases

S&S of _____ include: - Headache - Neck and back stiffness - Decreased LOC - Light sensitivity - Seizures - Involuntary hip flexion with neck flexion (Brudzinski's sign) - Resistance to knee extension when hip is flexed (Kernig's sign)

Meningitis

What is NOT true of Meningitis? a. Bacteria or virus crosses the BBB and causes widespread infections of the meninges b. Etiology: Meningococcus (children), H-flu, E-coli, tooth or sinus infections c. Complications: Seizure, septicemia, vasomotor collapse, increased intracranial pressure d. Treatment: Antimicrobials, glucocorticoids, vaccines

a. Bacteria or virus enters the CSF through nasopharyngeal lining/head wound

What is NOT true of Encephalitis? a. Inflammation and necrosis of brain tissue caused by one or several viruses b. Infection primarily occurs in meninges c. S&S: Fever, nuchal rigidity, headache, confusion, delirium, agitation, restlessness d. Treatment: Symptom management, antivirals

b. Infection primarily occurs in meninges Encephalitis more commonly affects the parenchyma. Infection can occur in meninges, but this is more characteristic of Meningitis

What is NOT true of Brain Tumors? a. Both Benign and Malignant tumors cause increased Intracranial Pressure and Ischemia b. S&S: Headaches, vomiting, signs of ICP, irritability, seizures, paralysis c. Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation d. Uncommon; metastases do not easily cross BBB

d. Uncommon; metastasis does not easily cross BBB The brain is a common area for metastases

What is NOT true of Cerebral Vascular Accidents (CVA)? a. Hemorrhagic CVA: rupture of cerebral artery causing bleeding and inflammation; related to atherosclerosis, hypertension b. Ischemic CVA: caused by occlusion of artery by thrombus or embolus; ischemia is widespread c. Hemorrhagic CVAs are more severe than Ischemic CVAs d. Post-stroke sensory and motor deficits present on contralateral side of body e. Treatment: Thrombolytic agents, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatories, O2, surgery, maintenance/restorative therapy

b. Ischemic CVA: caused by occlusion of artery by thrombus or embolus; ischemia is **LOCALIZED TO AREA OF OCCLUSION Circle of Willis can give alternate blood supply to decrease symptoms

S&S of _____ include: - Trouble walking - Weakness on one side - Trouble seeing - Trouble speaking

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) aka Stroke

Match the Language Disorder to its definition: Aphasia, Dysarthria, Agraphia, Alexia, Agnosia - Loss of recognition or association - Cannot articulate words (motor) - Impaired reading - Impaired writing - Inability to comprehend (Wernicke's) or express (Broca's) language

Aphasia - Inability to comprehend (Wernicke's) or express (Broca's) language Dysarthria - Cannot articulate words (motor) Agraphia - Impaired writing Alexia - Impaired reading Agnosia - Loss of recognition or association

Neurologic Disorders Flashcards

(41 cards)