What is the microanatomy of neural tissue?
*gray matter:
-polio prefix
-contains neuronal cell bodies
-main cells are astrocytes
*white matter:
-leuko prefix
-contains axons
-main cells are oligodendroglia
What are the layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
What is the gray and white matter composition of the cerebrum?
-gray matter on the outside
-white matter on the inside
What is the gray and white matter composition of the cerebellum?
-gray matter on outside
-white matter on inside
-white matter branches like “tree of life”
Where are purkinje cells located?
within the gray matter of the cerebellum
What are the three sections of the brainstem?
-midbrain/mesencephalon
-pons
-medulla oblongata
What is the gray and white matter composition of the brainstem?
white matter with islands of gray matter within it; identifiable because gray matter has greater cell nuclear size variation
What is the gray and white matter composition of the spinal cord?
-gray matter inside in a “butterfly” shape
-white matter outside
What are the ventricles within the CNS?
-lateral ventricle (largest)
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle
-central canal of spinal cord
What are the characteristics of the ventricular system?
-filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-lined by ependymal cells
-tufts of choroid plexus which produce CSF
What is the choroid plexus on a microscopic level?
tufts of blood vessels covered in cuboidal epithelial cells
What are the common terms used to describe nervous system pathology?
-polio: gray
-leuko: white
-meningo: meninges
-encephalo: brain
-myelo: spinal cord
-malacia: softening/necrosis
What is spina bifida occulta?
incomplete closure of the neural tube that cannot be seen from the outside
What is a meningocele?
outpouching of the meninges; can contain brain or spinal cord (meningomyelocele, meningoencephalocele)
What is myeloschisis?
lack of fusion of the neural tube that results in outpouching of the spinal cord and exposure of the central canal to the outside world
What is lissencephaly?
lack of gyri and/or sulci in the brain
What are the characteristics of hydrocephalus?
-can be congenital or acquired
-stenosis in ventricular system leads to build up of fluid and pressure
Where does stenosis that causes hydrocephalus commonly occur?
cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
What are the characteristics of hydranencephaly?
-often due to viral destruction of the cerebrum
-practically impossible to distinguish from severe hydrocephalus visually
-loss of structure and tissue in cerebral cortex
What is cyclopia?
condition involving multiple craniofacial abnormalities; named for the single fused eye
What is cerebellar hypoplasia?
condition in which the cerebellum never grows to achieve normal size
What are the characteristics of craniocervical joint abnormalities?
-bone abnormalities lead to increased intracranial pressure
-increased intracranial pressure can cause cerebellar herniation
-causes dilation of central canal in spinal cord/a syrinx
-most common in cavalier king charles spaniels
What are the characteristics of cervical stenotic myelopathy?
-narrowing and possible compression of spinal cord
-seen in horses and large breed dogs
Which cells arise from neural crest cells?
-melanocytes
-schwann cells
-adrenal medullary cells
-dorsal root ganglion cells/cranial nerve sensory cells
-autonomic ganglion cells
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