FA3 Neurology > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

(45 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Which aspects of history are important when dealing with neurologic cases in farm animals?

A

-signalment (individual and herd)
-onset
-duration/progression
-previous therapy
-number of animals affected
-dietary changes
-location of affected animal(s)
-vaccination/deworming history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What should be observed in the initial component of a farm animal neurologic exam?

A

-mentation
-gait
-body symmetry
-reaction to stimulus
-vision
all done from a distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which changes in mentation can indicate a central nervous system lesion?

A

-dull
-obtunded
-stupor
-comatose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of ataxia?

A

-general proprioception
-vestibular; loss of balance, leaning, circling
-cerebellar; uncontrolled limb movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the presentation of a LMN lesion differ from an UMN lesion in terms of gait?

A

*UMN:
-long strides
-stiffness

*LMN:
-short strides
-trembling
-collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the characteristics of postural reactions?

A

-tested via placement response
-assesses if animal knows where its limbs are in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the tests done to determine presence of spinal reflexes/good muscle tone?

A

-patellar reflex
-withdrawal reflex
-nociception/assessment of deep pain
-tail and anal tone assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the characteristics of the withdrawal reflex?

A

-pinch between digits
-normal response is full withdraw/flexion
-absence in the front limbs indicates C6 to T2 lesion or median and ulnar nerve lesions
-absence in hind limbs indicates L5 to S3 lesion or sciatic nerve lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of the patellar reflex?

A

-normal response is extension of the stifle
-requires normal L4, L5, and femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the characteristics of the triceps reflex?

A

-normal response is extension of the elbow
-requires normal C7, T1, and radial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics of postural/proprioceptive reaction?

A

-normal response is correct placement of limb/foot after it is placed in the wrong position
-most common test performed in large animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the characteristics of the menace response?

A

-inward stimulus of hand tests vision and CN 2/optic n.
-outward response is a blink driven by CN 7/facial n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristics of the pupillary light reflex?

A

-inward stimulus of light tests light detection via CN 2/optic n.
-outward response is constriction of the pupil via CN 3/oculomotor n.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the position of strabismus indicate the affected cranial nerve?

A

-ventrolateral: CN 3 and/or CN 8
-dorsomedial: CN 4
-medial: CN 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

-abnormal repetitive eye movements
-typically indicative of CNS lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does small size of the palpebral fissure indicate?

A

CN 7 dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does third eyelid elevation indicate?

A

-tetanus and globe retraction
-sympathetic denervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the palpebral reflex test?

A

-CN 5 (sensory)
-CN 7 (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is symmetry of the face assessed?

Study These Flashcards
A

-symmetry of the ears
-deviation of nose or philtrum

20
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved in tongue size and strength?

21
Q

Which cranial nerves can be impacted in an animal experiencing dysphagia?

Study These Flashcards
A

-CN 9
-CN 10
-CN 5

22
Q

Which cranial nerves allow for proper food retention in the mouth?

23
Q

What must occur for an animal to experience drop jaw?

Study These Flashcards
A

bilateral dysfunction of CN 5

24
Q

What are the characteristics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

Study These Flashcards
A

-prion diseases
-prions are highly resistant to sterilization/disinfection attempts
-misfolded protein serves as a template for other proteins to misfold

25
What are the characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
-prion disease seen in cattle -incubation period of 30 months to 8 years -transmitted via BSE-contaminated feed; meat or bone meal -not contagious from animal to animal -possibly a zoonosis -lead to prohibition of mammalian proteins in ruminant feed -ban on importation of live cattle and bovine products from UK
26
What are the signs of BSE?
-change in behavior -abnormal posture/incoordination (arched back, dog sitting) -exaggerated response to auditory stimuli -loss of body weight -decreased milk production -progressive onset of signs
27
How is BSE diagnosed, treated, and prevented?
*diagnosis: -post-mortem analysis of brain tissue -NO test on live animal or muscle *treatment: -no treatment; always fatal *prevention: -avoid feed contamination -slaughter surveillance
28
What is the USDA program for BSE surveillance?
-screening of 25,000 animals/year -at risk animals selected: downer, neuro signs, emaciated
29
Which portion of the brain is tested when looking for BSE?
obex
30
Which portion of the brain is tested when looking for rabies?
brainstem and cerebellum
31
What are the characteristics of scrapie?
-prion disease seen in small ruminants -transmitted through direct contact with fetal fluids, blood, milk, or urine -can transmit from ewe to lamb -incubation period of 2 to 5 years
32
What are the initial signs of scrapie?
-behavior changes -tremors of head and neck -isolation -incoordination -weight loss
33
What are the advanced signs of scrapie?
-intense itching/pulled wool -stumbling or falling -shaking of tail and rump -death
34
How is scrapie diagnosed, treated, and prevented?
*diagnosis: -clinical signs -onset and duration -testing of lymphoid tissue (3rd eyelid, lymph node, tonsil) -post-mortem analysis of brain tissue *treatment: -none *prevention: -genotype test for susceptibility -good lambing hygiene; remove placentas and clean up fluids
35
What are the characteristics of the national scrapie eradication program?
-mandatory for all sheep and most goats involved in interstate commerce -tags supplied via USDA to producers and accredited veterinarians -goals are to keep good records and be able to trace animals in case of exposure -producers are provided money for testing and in place of infected animals
36
What are the characteristics of scrapie tags?
-free -good for the animal's lifetime -must keep records for 5 years in tagged animals -tag DOES NOT change if ownership changes -tags should not be removed by a vet; owner can deal with consequences if they choose to remove -must be present on any animals crossing state lines or goats that comingle with sheep
37
What are the rules regarding scrapie tags in TN?
-all sheep that move outside the state must have a tag -all sheep that move inside the state must have a tag with the exception of wethers under 18 months produced for slaughter only -all registered breeding goats, goats comingled with sheep, goats for exhibtion, and dairy goats moving off their premises of origin must have a tag
38
What are the characteristics of chronic wasting disease?
-progressive, fatal disease of deer, elk, reindeer, and moose -incubation period is long; sometimes years -transmitted directly or indirectly through body fluids
39
What are the clinical signs of CWD?
-drastic weight loss -muscle atrophy -stumbling -drooling -listlessness -lack of fear of people
40
What are the characteristics of rabies?
-caused by rhabdoviridae virus -rare but fatal -transmitted by foxes, raccoons, skunks, bats, etc. through bites/saliva -incubation is variable -can affect all ages -wear gloves!!! -reportable
41
What is the progression for the rabies virus?
-site of inoculation -axons of peripheral nerves -trigeminal ganglia -spinal cord -brain
42
What are the signs of rabies?
-variable and progressive -cattle recumbent in 4 to 5 days; dead in less than 10 days -hind limb ataxia, weakness, and/or paralysis -straining -self mutilation
43
What are the forms of rabies?
*cerebral/furious: -aggressive behavior -hyperesthesia -straining -convulsions *brainstem/dumb form: -depression -ataxia -pharyngeal paralysis *spinal cord/paralytic form: -progressive ascending paralysis
44
How is rabies diagnosed, treated, and controlled?
*diagnosis: -submit brain for fluorescent antibody staining *treatment: -none *control: -annual vx -vaccine labelled for dogs, cats, cattle, and ferrets -should still vaccinate any small ruminants or pigs that are pets despite off-label use
45
What are the post-exposure protocols for rabies?
*vaccinated: -revaccinate -confine for 45 days *not vaccinated: -slaughter or confine for 6 months -isolate from other animals and minimize human contact -do not use for human consumption
FA3 Neurology
flashcards
Decks in class (37)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions