Lecture 28 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the cranial nerves, in order by number?

CN1: olfactory nerve
CN2: optic nerve
CN3: oculomotor nerve
CN4: trochlear nerve
CN5: trigeminal nerve
CN6: abducens nerve
CN7: facial nerve
CN8: auditory/vestibulocochlear nerve
CN9: glossopharyngeal nerve
CN10: vagus nerve
CN11: (spinal) accessory nerve
CN12: hypoglossal nerve

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What are the possible functions of the cranial nerves?

*efferent/motor:
-general somatic efferent
-general visceral efferent

*afferent/sensory:
-general somatic afferent
-general visceral afferent
-special somatic afferent
-special visceral afferent

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Which cranial nerves have autonomic function?

CNs 3, 7, 9, and 10

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What is the function of CN1, olfactory nerve?

olfaction; SVA

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What is the neurological test to ensure function of CN1, olfactory nerve?

present patient with a pleasant or noxious odor; no irritating substances

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What is the function of CN2, optic nerve?

vision; SSA

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What are the neurological tests to ensure function of CN2, optic nerve?

-pupillary light reflex
-menace response
-following a moving object/tracking

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Which ocular muscles are innervated by CN 3, oculomotor nerve?

-dorsal rectus muscle
-ventral rectus muscle
-medial rectus muscle
-ventral oblique muscle

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Which ocular muscle is innervated by CN 4, trochlear nerve?

dorsal oblique muscle

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Which ocular muscles are innervated by CN 6, abducens nerve?

-lateral rectus muscle
-retractor bulbi muscle

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What are the functions of CN3, oculomotor nerve?

*innervation of eye muscles (GSE):
-innervates dorsal, medial, and lateral rectus muscles
-innervates ventral oblique muscle
-innervates levator palpebrae superioris muscles that raise eyelid

*parasympathetic innervation of ciliary muscles (GVE):
-adjusts shape of lens

*parasympathetic innervation of pupillary sphincter muscles (GVE):
-constricts the pupil

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What are the neurologic tests to ensure function of CN 3, oculomotor nerve?

GSE (eye muscles):
-ptosis (absent = normal)
-ventrolateral strabismus (absent = normal)

Parasympathetic:
-pupillary light reflex
-mydriasis (absence = normal)

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What is the function of CN 4, trochlear nerve?

innervates the dorsal oblique muscle of the eye (GSE)

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What is the neurological test to ensure function of CN 4, trochlear nerve?

strabismus with outward rotation of dorsal aspect of eye (indicates dysfunction)

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What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

-ophthalmic nerve (V1)
-maxillary nerve (V2)
-mandibular nerve (V3)

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What are the functions of the ophthalmic branch of CN 5, trigeminal nerve?

somatic sensory to forehead, eyeball, and nasal mucosa (GSA)

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What are the functions of the maxillary branch of CN 5, trigeminal nerve?

somatic sensory to upper jaw, cheeks, nasal mucosa, teeth of upper jaw, and gums (GSA)

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What are the functions of the mandibular branch of CN 5, trigeminal nerve?

-somatic sensory to lower jaw, mucosa of tongue, and skin of temporal and zygomatic regions (GSA)
-innervates muscles of mastication (GSE)

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What are the neurological tests that ensure function of CN 5, trigeminal nerve?

-palpebral reflex
-corneal reflex
-appropriate muscles of mastication

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What are the functions of CN 6, abducens nerve?

-innervates retractor bulbi which pulls eye into orbit (GSE)
-innervates lateral rectus muscles which “abduct” the eye (GSE)

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What are the neurological tests to ensure function of CN 6, abducens nerve?

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-touching the cornea (CN 5), resulting in action of the retractor bulbi (CN 6) and movement of 3rd eyelid across eye
-medial strabismus (absent = normal)

What are the motor functions of CN 7, facial nerve?

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-innervation of superficial muscles of head, face, and around eye/blinking (GSE)
-innervation of caudal belly of digastricus, stylohyoideus, and stapedius muscles (GSE)

What are the sensory functions of CN 7, facial nerve?

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-somatic sensory to concave surfaces of ear and ear canal (GSA)
-taste to rostral 2/3 of tongue and palate (SVA)

What are the visceral motor/autonomic functions of CN 7, facial nerve?

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preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands, as well as mandibular and sublingual salivary glands (GVE)

What are the neurologic tests to ensure function of CN 7, facial nerve?

*palpebral reflex -touching medial or lateral canthus of eye (CN 5) causes blink (CN 7) *menace response -movement towards eye (CN 2) causes blink (CN 7)

What is the function of CN 8, vestibulocochlear nerve?

hearing, balance, and proprioception (SSA)

What are the neurologic tests to ensure function of CN 8, vestibulocochlear nerve?

-vestibulo-ocular reflex -response to loud noise -normal balance -nystagmus (physiologic normal, other types abnormal)

What are the motor functions of CN 9, glossopharyngeal nerve?

-motor innervation of striated voluntary muscles of pharynx (GSE) -parasympathetic innervation to parotid and zygomatic salivary gland (GVE)

What are the sensory functions of CN 9, glossopharyngeal nerve?

-taste from taste buds in caudal 1/3 of tongue (SVA) -sensation from mucosa to caudal 1/3 of tongue, palate, and pharynx (GVA) -innervation of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of carotid sinus (GVA

What is the neurologic test to ensure function of CN 9, glossopharyngeal nerve and CN 10, vagus nerve?

eliciting a gag response by placing tongue depressor on caudal portion of tongue

What are the motor functions of CN 10, vagus nerve?

-innervation to pharyngeal muscle and intrinsic muscles of larynx; mostly via recurrent laryngeal nerve (GSE) -innervation of cricothyroideus muscle; via cranial laryngeal nerve (GSE) -parasympathetic innervation to pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thoracic and abdominal organs (GVE)

What are the sensory functions of CN 10, vagus nerve?

-visceral sensory from pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera (GVA) -somatic sensory information from external ear (GSA)

What is the function of CN 11, spinal accessory nerve?

-innervation of trapezius, cleidomastoid, and cleidocervical portions of brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, and sternomastoideus (GSE) -contributes to innervation of larynx and esophagus via combining with vagus nerve to form recurrent laryngeal nerve (GSE)

What is the function of CN 12, hypoglossal nerve?

innervation of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue, styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus (GSE)

What is the neurologic test to ensure function of CN 12, hypoglossal nerve?

wetting animal's nose and observing animal's ability to extend tongue and lick

What is the pupillary light reflex?

-shining a light in one eye and observing that pupil constrict (direct PLR) -swinging the light to the other eye and finding that that pupil has already constricted (indirect PLR)

What are the cranial nerves involved in the pupillary light reflex?

*afferent: -CN 2 *efferent: -CN 3

What are the cranial nerves involved in the menace response?

*afferent: -CN 2 *efferent: -CN 7

Which regions of the brain are involved in the menace response and therefore tested with this response?

-cerebellum -forebrain

Which species experience functional cross over with the menace response?

-cat (65%) -dog (75%) -horse (80-90%) -ox (80-90%) -sheep (80-90%) -pig (80-90%)

What are the cranial nerves involved in the oculocephalic reflex/physiologic nystagmus?

*afferent: -CN 8 (senses head motion) *efferent: -CNs 3, 4, and 6 (moves eyes)

Which muscles of mastication are innervated by CN 5, trigeminal nerve?

-temporalis -masseter -digastricus

What are the characteristics of drop jaw?

-right and left CN 5 must be dysfunctional to get drop jaw -patients can also have a degree of Horner's

What are the cranial nerves involved in the corneal reflex?

*afferent: -CN 5 *efferent: -CN 6

What are the cranial nerves involved in the palpebral reflex?

*afferent: -CN 5 *efferent: -CN 7

What are the cranial nerves involved in facial movement/sensation testing?

*afferent: -CN 5 *efferent: -CN 7 (+/-)

What are the cranial nerves involved in nasocortical sensation/noxious nasal stimulation?

*afferent: -CN 5 *efferent: -CN 7 (+/-)

Which region of the brain is tested with nasocortical sensation/noxious nasal stimulation?

forebrain

What are the cranial nerves involved in the gag reflex?

CN 9 and CN 10

Which cranial nerve is responsible for tongue symmetry and movement?

CN 12

Lecture 28 Flashcards

(50 cards)