Lecture 30 Flashcards by Danika Boltz

What are the characteristics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

-caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 & 5
-has latent carriers; characteristic of herpesvirus
-reservoirs in nasal and tracheal secretions and trigeminal ganglia
-affects cattle; younger animals are more susceptible

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What are the clinical signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

*resp:
-pneumonia
-nasal discharge

*repro:
-abortion

*neuro:
-encephalitis in young calves
-proprioceptive deficits
-head pressing
-circling
-head tilt
-nystagmus

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How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis diagnosed?

-neuro. and resp. signs
-serology for latent infections
-PCR
-fluorescent antibody on ocular/nasal secretion

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How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis treated?

-hydration
-keeping temp. down
-NSAIDs
-seizure control with diazepam or midazolam

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How is infectious bovine rhinotracheitis controlled?

*limit exposure; reduce:
-trailering
-high stocking rate
-co-mingling
-weaning

*vaccine

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What are the characteristics of pseudorabies?

-known as mad itch or Aujeszky’s disease
-caused by suid herpesvirus 1
-causes mild/latent disease in swine
-highly fatal in cattle
-can have direct transfer from swine to cattle or indirect transmission through feed or wound contamination
-REPORTABLE

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What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies?

-more common in young swine
-intense pruritus
-rubbing
-mutilation
-fever
-signs similar to rabies
-death within 48 hrs for cattle

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How is pseudorabies diagnosed?

-serology for latent infections
-virus isolation from CNS tissues for active infections

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How is pseudorabies controlled?

-limit exposure between swine and cattle
-disinfect
-vaccine (highly effective)

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What are the characteristics of small ruminant lentiviral encephalitis?

-Lentivirus genus
-causes ovine progressive pneumonia/OPP in sheep
-causes caprine arthritis-encephalitis/CAE in goats
-lifelong infection that is often subclinical
-infects lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
-world-wide

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How are OPP and CAE transmitted?

-milk and colostrum are most important routes
-horizontal via resp. transmission
-cross-species possible
-infected dams serve as reservoir

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What are the disease syndromes seen with OPP and CAE?

*resp. disease
*mastitis
*arthritis
-adults with CAE
*leukoencephalomyelitis
-adults with OPP
-kids with CAE

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What are the neuro. signs of OPP and CAE?

-unilateral or bilateral posterior paresis
-rear limb proprioceptive deficits
-progressive, irreversible signs

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How are OPP and CAE diagnosed?

*serology; ELISA or AGID
-can be complicated in animals under 6 mo. of age due to maternal antibodies

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How are OPP and CAE controlled?

-eliminate or segregate infected animals
-reduce transmission by pasteurizing colostrum

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What are the characteristics of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis?

-known as buss disease
-caused by Chlamydophila pecorum; gram-neg.
-affects cattle and buffalo of all ages
-shed in urine, feces, nasal secretions, and milk
-clinical syndrome includes polyserositis and neuro. signs

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What are the clinical signs of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis?

-fever
-incoordination
-knuckling
-vascular damage leading to organ failure
-depression
-stiffness
-dependent edema of mandible, limbs, and joints
-pale mucus membranes
-pale conjunctiva and epiphora

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How is sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis diagnosed?

-diffuse, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis
-CSF tap showing mononuclear pleocytosis with elevated protein
-fibrinous polyserositis/PPP on necropsy
-culture growing Chlamydia

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What is the treatment for sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis?

-tetracycline for minimum of 7 days
-good nursing care

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What are the characteristics of listeriosis?

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-known as circling disease or silage disease
-caused by Listeria monocytogenes
-found in soil, vegetable matter, and feces
-can be found in chopped forages and silage with pH > 5

Which species are impacted by listeriosis?

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*cattle:
-low morbidity, high mortality

*sheep and goats:
-high morbidity, moderate mortality

*humans:
-potential meningoencephalitis

How is listeriosis transmitted?

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-bacteria enter an oral lesion
-bacteria spreads via cranial nerves to the brainstem
-bacteria forms micro-abscesses in the brain

What are the neurologic signs caused by listeriosis?

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*unilateral cranial nerve deficits:
-facial drooping
-loss of menace
-decreased lip tone
-asymmetry to face

*circling
*head tilt
*coma
*convulsions
*death

How is listeriosis diagnosed?

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-CSF tap showing mononuclear pleocytosis and increased protein
-CSF culture possible but unrewarding
-micro-abscesses in brainstem on necropsy

What is the treatment for listeriosis?

*antibiotics: -must cross blood-brain-barrier -often use penicillin at high doses -oxytet. possible but has lots of resistance *NSAIDs (or steroids) *supportive care *treatment for at least 7 to 21 days

What is the prognosis for listeriosis?

-100% will die if left untreated -cases treated early often respond to treatment -poor prognosis if recumbent

What are the characteristics of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

-known as TEME or "brainers" -caused by Histophilus somni, a gram-neg. coccobacillus -causes septic vasculitis and thrombosis -affects feedlot cattle, especially in winter -associated with stress from weaning, shipping, and handling

What is the pathogenesis of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

-respiratory infection leads to bacteremia -bacteremia leads to thrombosis of brain vessels

What are the clinical signs of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

-fever -anorexia -depression -posterior incoordination -paralysis -seizures -opisthotonus -proprioceptive deficits; knuckling, circumduction, crossing over

How is thromboembolic meningoencephalitis diagnosed?

-CSF showing neutrophilic pleocytosis, increased protein, and xanthochromia/color change -culture of brain and kidney post-mortem

What is the treatment for thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

*antibiotics -oxytetracycline -tulathromycin *supportive care

What is the prognosis for thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

-fair to good if ambulatory -poor if downer

What is the prevention for thromboembolic meningoencephalitis?

vaccination; two inoculations to start followed by annual vaccination

What are the routes of infection for meningitis?

-hematogenous spread -direct inoculation into the calvarium

What are the predisposing factors for meningitis?

-neonate -failure of passive transfer -gram-negative septicemia

How is meningitis diagnosed?

-clinical signs -CSF showing increased protein, neutrophilic pleocytosis, and hypoglycemia -gram staining of CSF -culture of CSF

What is the treatment for meningitis?

-broad spectrum antibiotics; ceftiofur, florfenicol -anti-inflammatories; steroids or NSAIDs -supportive care including anticonvulsants, plasma, fluids, and glucose

What are the general signs of meningitis?

-depression -fever -diarrhea -omphalophlebitis (belly button inflammation) -sinusitis -otitis

What are the neuro. signs of meningitis?

-hyperesthesia -stiff neck -opsithotonus -seizure -blindness -head pressing -ataxia -paresis

What are the severe signs of meningitis?

-stupor -coma -seizure -death

What is the most common agent causing pituitary abscesses?

Trueperella cytogenes

What are the possible origins of pituitary abscesses?

-septicemia -embolic spread of bacteria following rumenitis, reticulopericarditis, or bronchopneumonia -frontal sinusitis/nose rings

What are the general clinical signs of pituitary abscesses?

-inappetence -head and neck extension -depression -bradycardia -recumbency -coma -death

What are the neurologic signs of pituitary abscesses?

-wide-base stance -ataxia -head-pressing -asymmetric CN deficits with dysphagia -blindness -anisocoria -lack of pupillary light reflexes -mydriasis -lack of tongue tone -nystagmus -facial paralysis -ventrolateral strabismus -head tilt

How are pituitary abscesses diagnosed?

-CSF tap showing increased WBCs and protein -key signs including bradycardia and blindness

What is the prognosis for pituitary abscesses?

poor prognosis, high mortality

What are the characteristics of brain abscesses?

-caused by Trueperella pyogenes -adult or young adult cattle -may have a history of pyogenic disease in another part of the body -risk factors include previous dehorning and sinusitis

What are the signs of brain abscesses?

-usually due to space-occupying compressive effects -slower onset and often more asymmetric than meningitis -compulsive circling -head tilt -depression -blindness -sluggish/ataxic gait -papilledema

Lecture 30 Flashcards

(48 cards)