Lecture 4

Question 1

What is required when building or breaking down anything in the body?

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it drives all bodily functions

Question 2

What is the most common source of energy to fuel the body?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, sugar catabolism breaks polysaccharides into individual monosaccharides

Question 3

What is the most often used part of lipids for energy?

Answer 3

Triglycerides via metabolic process called B-oxidation

Question 4

What are amino acids used for?

Answer 4

They are the building blocks of new proteins, that can also be broken down further for the production of ATP

Question 5

What cycle acts as an energy shuttle for our bodies?

Answer 5

ATP-ADP cycle

Question 6

What are the three main phases of cellular respiration?

Answer 6

Glycolysis, krebs, electron transport chain

Question 7

What is the bodies quickest form of energy?

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

What is glycolysis the breakdown of?

Answer 8

Glucose into pyruvate

Question 9

What is excess glucsoe stored as?

Answer 9

Glycogen

Question 10

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 10

The cytosol of the cell

Question 10

What is the breakdown of glycogen called?

Answer 10

Glycogenolysis

Question 11

What is used to convert one glucose molecule?

Answer 11

2 ATP and 2 NAD+

Question 12

What is produced during glycolysis?

Answer 12

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 13

What is the control point (step) of glycolysis?

Answer 13

Step #3

Question 14

What enzyme is part of the control point of glycolysis?

Answer 14

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Question 15

What is the 3rd step of glycolysis the central target for?

Answer 15

Allosteric regulation

Question 16

What is the up regulator for glycolysis, and why?

Answer 16

AMP, high levels mean the cell is very low on energy

Question 17

What is the down regulator for glycolysis (for PFK), and why?

Answer 17

ATP, because it indicates lots of energy being present in the cell

Citrate build up, it is the first product of TCA, acts as back up fuel for the cycle

Question 18

What is the net ATP gain of glycolysis?

Answer 18

2 ATP molecules

Question 19

What cells are not capable of aerobic respiration? How do they make energy?

Answer 19

Red blood cells, glycolysis

Question 20

What is required for aerobic respiration to take place?

Answer 20

Oxygen

Question 21

What is the site of oxidative cellular respiration?

Answer 21

Mitochondria

Question 22

What is pyruvate transformed into? Where does this occur?

Answer 22

Acetyl CoA, matrix of mitochondria

Question 23

What molecules temporarily store electrons from the TCA cycle?

Answer 23

NADH and FADH2

Question 24

What is the input for one round of the TCA cycle?

Answer 24

1 Acetyl CoA

Question 25

What is the yield for one round of the TCA cycle

Answer 25

1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2 Co2 produced

Question 26

What is the yield from 1 glucose broken down?

Answer 26

2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 Co2 produced

Question 27

Where is the majority of the energy generated during aerobic catabolism?

Answer 27

The electron transport chain

Question 28

What molecule is essential for the ETC?

Answer 28

Atmospheric oxygen

Question 29

How many reactions are in the ETC?

Answer 29

4

Question 30

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 30

Pumping of protons through special channels

Question 31

What is the total net ATP?

Answer 31

38 (optimal), typically 30-32

Question 32

How many ATP do you get from an NADH?

Answer 32

3

Question 33

How many ATP do you get from an FADH2?

Answer 33

2

Question 34

What molecule is re-oxidized during fermentation?

Answer 34

NAD -> NADH

Question 35

What is the fermentation method used by humans?

Answer 35

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 36

How is lactate used as a fuel source for the brain?

Answer 36

Lactate is removed via the circulatory system, and is brought to the liver, where it is further metabolized

Question 37

What is lactate NOT?

Answer 37

NOT bad for the body, NOT a waste product

Question 38

What is produced from the fermentation of lactate via lactate dehydrogenase?

Answer 38

NAD+

Question 39

What is the first step when using fat as fuel? What is it called?

Answer 39

Triglycerides must be broken down into their principal components (lipolysis)

Question 40

What are fatty acids oxidized by?

Answer 40

B-oxidation

Question 41

Why is protein not a preferred fuel source?

Answer 41

AA* are better used to build things up in the body, they can also enter and exit the cycle whenever, causing inconsistency