Lecture 9

Question 1

What is the goal of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

To bring oxygen into our body and exhale carbon dioxide

Question 2

Why is Co2 the regulator for breathing?

Answer 2

If it stays in our blood it messes up our pH

Question 3

What is the body’s preferred pH range?

Answer 3

7.35-7.45

Question 4

What are the 3 components of respiration?

Answer 4

Ventilation (breathing), external (pulmonary), internal (tissue) respiration

Question 5

What are the 3 main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

Provide oxygen, remove Co2, maintain acid-base balance

Question 6

What is a conducting zone in the respiratory system?

Answer 6

Organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange

Question 7

What is a respiratory zone?

Answer 7

Where gas exchange occurs

Question 8

What are the 3 main functions of the conducting zones?

Answer 8

1. Provide a route for incoming and outgoing air
2. Remove debris and pathogens
3. Warm and humidify incoming air

Question 9

What are the 2 parts of the nose (conducting)?

Answer 9

External, internal (nasal cavity)

Question 10

How many projection does each lateral wall of the nasal cavity have?

Answer 10

3

Question 11

What do the nasal conchae do? (4)

Answer 11

1. Cleans and warms air
2. Traps water to prevent dehydration
3. Filters air via hairs and mucous
4. Detects odours

Question 12

How many C-shaped pieces are on the trahcea?

Answer 12

16-20

Question 13

What is the main function of the bronchi?

Answer 13

Provide passageway for air to move into and out of each lung

Question 14

What is the main function of the mucous membrane along the trahcea?

Answer 14

Trap debris and pathogens from entering respiratory system

Question 15

What do generations 2-10 of the bronchial tree consist of?

Answer 15

Lobar and segmental bronchi

Question 16

At what generation does the conducting zone end?

Answer 16

16th

Question 17

What do the respiratory zone structures do?

Answer 17

Gas exchnage

Question 18

What generations are the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 18

17-19

Question 19

What generation is the alveolar duct?

Answer 19

20-22

Question 20

What generation is the opening into the alveolar sac?

Answer 20

23

Question 21

What is bronchoconstriction?

Answer 21

Parasympathetic activation and histamine release

Question 22

What is bronchodilation?

Answer 22

Sympathetic activation, catecholamine release

Question 23

What happens at the alveolus sac?

Answer 23

Gas exchange occurs with external environment

Question 24

How are alveoli connected and what do the connections do?

Answer 24

By alveolar pores, which help maintain equal pressure throughout the alveoli and lung

Question 25

What are some characteristics of type 1 alveolar cells?

Answer 25

Permeable to gases, around 97% of all cells

Question 26

What are some characteristics of type 2 alveolar cells?

Answer 26

Secrete surfactant

Question 27

What is formed by type 1 alveolar cells and where does it attach?

Answer 27

Simple squamous epithelium, to a thin, elastic basement membrane

Question 28

What does the thin respiratory membrane allow for?

Answer 28

Gases to readily cross by simple diffusion

Question 29

What is the approximate surface area of the lungs?

Answer 29

70-75 square meters

Question 30

What is the space between the lungs and the wall of the chest called?

Answer 30

The pleural cavity

Question 31

Which lung is shorter and wider?

Answer 31

Right

Question 32

Which lung has a smaller volume?

Answer 32

Left

Question 33

What does the blood supply serve as?

Answer 33

A transport system

Question 34

What do the pulmonary arteries become when near the alveoli?

Answer 34

The pulmonary capillary network

Question 35

What is the respiratory membrane created by?

Answer 35

The point where the capillary wall meets the alveolar wall

Question 36

Where do the pulmonary venules and veins exit the lung?

Answer 36

The hilum

Question 37

What is the ability to breathe dependent on?

Answer 37

The pressure of the atmosphere and the air pressure within the lungs

Question 38

What does Boyles law describe?

Answer 38

The relationship between volume and pressure in a gas at a constant temp

Question 39

What is pulmonary ventitlation?

Answer 39

The act of breathing, movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 40

What are the 3 main mechanisms driving pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 40

Atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure, interpleural pressure

Question 41

What is atmospheric pressure

Answer 41

Amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface

Question 42

What is the pressure at sea level?

Answer 42

760mmHg

Question 43

What is intra-alveolar pressure?

Answer 43

Pressure of the air within the alveoli

Question 44

Why are alveoli able to ventilate the gases of the body with the external environment?

Answer 44

Because they are connected to the atmosphere

Question 45

What is the intrapleural pressure?

Answer 45

The pressure of the air within the pleural cavity

Question 46

What does elasticity within the thorax do?

Answer 46

Pulls the lungs inward and away from the thoracic wall

Question 47

What does alveolar fluid surface tension within the thorax do?

Answer 47

creates an inward pull of the lung tissue

Question 48

What does the natural elasticity of the chest wall do? (compliance)

Answer 48

Wants to expand outward and thus opposes the inward pull of the lungs

Question 49

What does pleural cavity surface tension do?

Answer 49

Pulls the lungs outward

Question 50

What is the difference of the inward and outward pull on the lungs called?

Answer 50

Transmural pressure

Question 51

What is the internal pressure always?

Answer 51

Lower than, or negative to, the intra-alveolar pressure

Question 52

Where does transmural pressure remain?

Answer 52

Around 3 to 6 mmHg

Question 53

Are the lungs themselves passive or active?

Answer 53

Passive

Question 54

What does ventilation depend on?

Answer 54

Contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers of both the diaphragm and thorax

Question 55

What is the primary factor affecting resistance which will impact airflow?

Answer 55

The size of the airway