Lecture 8

Question 1

Where does energy for our cells come from?

Answer 1

ATP

Question 2

What enzyme splits the terminal phosphate from ATP?

Answer 2

ATPase

Question 3

What is the % of energy released that is lost to heat?

Answer 3

70%

Question 4

What are the 3 mechanisms for the production of new ATP?

Answer 4

1. Creatine phosphate
2. Glycolysis
3. Oxidative respiration

Question 5

What does creatine phosphate enable?

Answer 5

Glycolysis to be initiated

Question 6

What does creatine phosphate mechanism play a role in?

Answer 6

Replenishes ATP for immediate muscle contractions

Question 7

What does glycolysis involve?

Answer 7

The breakdown of glucose molecules

Question 8

How is glycolysis accomplished?

Answer 8

Glycolytic enzymes

Question 9

Why is glycolysis not an optimal producer of ATP?

Answer 9

Only produces small amounts of ATP, does not need oxygen

Question 10

How does oxidative respiration work?

Answer 10

Breaks down fuel with the aid of oxygen

Question 11

Which type of ATP synthesis produces an abundant ATP supply for extended periods?

Answer 11

Oxidative respiration

Question 12

What is the average metabolic resting rate for adults?

Answer 12

About 3.5 mL/min/kg

Question 13

What parts of the body dominate energy useage?

Answer 13

Muscles, heart, brain, liver, and kidneys

Question 14

What is the AV-O2 difference?

Answer 14

Difference between arterial and venous oxygen concentrations

Question 15

What does the AV-O2 difference depend on?

Answer 15

Carrying capacity of oxygen by the blood and the oxidative potential of mitochondria

Question 16

What is cardiac output?

Answer 16

Oxygen delivery

Question 17

What does the Fick equation determine?

Answer 17

Rate of oxygen uptake

Question 18

What is the relationship during submaximal exercise between cardiac output and oxygen uptake

Answer 18

Linear

Question 19

What happens to the arteriovenous oxygen difference as exercise intensity increases?

Answer 19

The difference widens

Question 20

When are all types of energy production available?

Answer 20

They are all always available

Question 21

What does the EEG measure?

Answer 21

The activity of the brain through the scalp

Question 22

What is the hertz for beta waves?

Answer 22

> 13 (14-30)

Question 23

What is the hertz for alpha waves?

Answer 23

8-13

Question 24

What is the hertz for theta waves?

Answer 24

4-7.5

Question 25

What is the hertz for delta waves?

Answer 25

1-3.5

Question 26

What are beta waves and where are they found?

Answer 26

High frequency, low amplitude Awaken state

Question 27

What is increases in Beta waves associated with?

Answer 27

Higher levels of anxiety, stress and arousal, along with an inability to relax

Question 28

What can suppression of beta waves cause?

Answer 28

Lack of concentration, daydreaming, depression, and poor cognition

Question 29

What are alpha waves and where are they found?

Answer 29

Between beta and theta In daydreaming, inability to focus, and being very relaxed

Question 30

What do alpha waves promote?

Answer 30

Calmness and deep relaxation

Question 31

What happens when alpha waves are suppressed?

Answer 31

Higher levels of anxiety, stress, and insomnia

Question 32

What are theta waves associated with?

Answer 32

Daydreaming and sleep Improve intuition and creativity Optimal: creativity, emotional connection, intuition, and relaxation

Question 33

What happens when theta waves are suppressed?

Answer 33

Anxiety, poor emotional awareness, and stress

Question 34

What is the slowest brain waves in humans?

Answer 34

Delta

Question 35

What are delta waves associated with?

Answer 35

Deepest levels of relaxation and restorative, healing sleep

Question 36

What does adequate delta waves help with?

Answer 36

Rejuvenation, immune system, healing, restorative/deep sleep

Question 37

What conditions can cause delta waves to be observed?

Answer 37

Brain injuries, learning problems, inability to think, and severe ADHD

Question 38

What is stage 1 sleep?

Answer 38

More theta, loss of alpha, vertex sharp waves

Question 39

What is stage 2 sleep?

Answer 39

Theta and delta, vertex sharp waves, k complexes, and sleep spindles

Question 40

What is stage 3 sleep?

Answer 40

Higher voltage delta that are 20-50% of the background over time

Question 41

What is stage 4 sleep?

Answer 41

More than 50% delta slow waves

Question 42

What happens during REM sleep?

Answer 42

Return of beta activity Loss of muscle tone REM Dreaming

Question 43

How long does REM last?

Answer 43

About 10 mins per epoch

Question 44

What is the total REM at birth, 20, and 70?

Answer 44

8hr, 2hr, 45min