Lecture 6

Question 1

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 1

Inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea

Question 2

What 2 types of cells make up the thyroid?

Answer 2

Follicular and parafollicular

Question 3

What hormone stimulates follicular cells?

Answer 3

TSH

Question 4

What 2 hormones are produced when follicular cells are stimulated by TSH?

Answer 4

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 5

What do the thyroid hormones function to do?

Answer 5

Increase BMR, maintain normal body temp, stimulate protein synthesis

Question 6

What hormone do parafollicular cells produce?

Answer 6

Calcitonin

Question 7

What does calcitonin regulate?

Answer 7

Calcium homeostasis

Question 8

How does calcitonin regulate calcium homeostasis?

Answer 8

Stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclast activity

Question 9

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 9

Posterior aspect of each lobe of the thyroid gland (one inferior and one superior)

Question 10

What are the 3 functions of PTH?

Answer 10

1. ^ number and activity of osteoclasts
2. ^ rate of calciu, and magnesium reabsorption in kidneys
3. Promotes formation of calcitriol in kidneys

Question 11

What is the role of calcitriol in the kidneys?

Answer 11

Acts to increase the absorption of calcium and magnesium from the GI tract

Question 12

What 2 hormones does PTH work with to regulate calcium hemostasis?

Answer 12

Calcitonin and calcitriol

Question 13

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 13

On top of each kidney

Question 14

What two parts make up the adrenal glands?

Answer 14

Outer cortex, inner medulla

Question 15

What are the 3 main types of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 15

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and weak androgens

Question 16

What do mineralocorticoids regulate?

Answer 16

Mineral homeostasis

Question 17

What do glucocorticoids affect?

Answer 17

Glucose homeostaiss

Question 18

What effect weak androgens have?

Answer 18

Masculinizing effects

Question 19

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

Answer 19

Mineralocorticoid

Question 20

What does aldosterone help regulate?

Answer 20

Sodium and potassium homeostasis

Question 21

What pathway controls the secretion of aldosterone?

Answer 21

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) pathway

Question 22

What is the secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) regulated by?

Answer 22

Release of corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 23

What does cortisol function to help control? (6)

Answer 23

Protein breakdown, glucose formation, lipolysis, resistance to stress, inflammation, immune responses

Question 24

What is the major androgen secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 24

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Question 25

What does DHEA and other adrenal androgens do in females?

Answer 25

They are converted to estrogens

Question 26

What happens to DHEA after puberty in males?

Answer 26

There is virtually no effect, due to testosterone

Question 27

What stimulates the adrenal medulla?

Answer 27

The sympathetic nervous system

Question 28

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 28

Catecholamines

Question 29

What are 2 examples of catecholamines?

Answer 29

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 30

What type of glad is the pancreas?

Answer 30

Exocrine and endocrine

Question 31

What do the exocrine cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 31

Digestive enzymes

Question 32

What are the endocrine tissues called in the pancreas?

Answer 32

Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)

Question 33

Which two types of cells are we concerned with in the islets of Langerhans?

Answer 33

Alpha cells and Beta cells

Question 34

What do alpha cells secrete?

Answer 34

Glucagon

Question 35

What do beta cells secrete?

Answer 35

Insulin

Question 36

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 36

Melatonin

Question 37

What is seasonal affective disorder thought to be caused by?

Answer 37

Overproduction of melatonin

Question 38

What do the hormones produced by the thymus promote?

Answer 38

Maturation of the immune systems T cells

Question 39

What is a secondary organ (endocrine system)

Answer 39

Primary functions are non-endocrine, but also possess endocrine functions

Question 40

What do the endocrine cells in the walls of the atria release?

Answer 40

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 41

What causes the atria to release ANP?

Answer 41

Increased blood volume

Question 42

What does ANP cause?

Answer 42

A reduction in blood volume and blood pressure, and a reduction in the concentration of Na+ in the blood

Question 43

Where is renin released from and why?

Answer 43

Released in response to decreased blood volume or pressure, released from the kidneys

Question 44

What does the release of renin lead to?

Answer 44

The release of aldosterone

Question 45

What does aldosterone cause?

Answer 45

The retention of Na and water, raising blood volume

Question 46

Where is calcitriol released and what does it do?

Answer 46

From the kidneys, aids in absorption of Ca and phosphate ions

Question 47

What does Erythropoietin (EPO) trigger?

Answer 47

The formation of red blood cells in bone marrow