memory-§§

Question 1

what is the Atkinson and shiffrin multistage model

Answer 1

ss->STM<->LTM
A. t+r
|. |. |
info lost
SS= sensory store
A= attention
STM- short term store
LTM= long term store
T= transfer going forwards
R= retrieval going back
you can also have rehearsal going back intop STM

Question 2

give some characteristics of sensory memory

Answer 2

• limitless capacity
• help for a short time - 0.25-1 sec before its filtered
• irrelevant info is forgotten or discared

Question 3

what is selective attention

Answer 3

takes place after the STSS where important information/relevant stimuli is filtered from irrelevant information and the relevant information enters the Short Term Memory.

Question 4

what are the characteristics of short term memory

Answer 4

• limited info can be stored here- 5 to 9 items
• held for about 30 seconds
• info help through process called chunking to increase storage
• info deemed important is rehearsed and moves into LTM
• • decision importance happens here

Question 5

what are the characteristics of long term memory

Answer 5

Limitless capacity

Information held for long time

Stored information has been encoded

Helped if information has association or meaning

Continued rehearsal is key

Recall & remembering of information results in information being passed between LTM and STM

Information retrieved is decoded back to the STM, updated and then encoded into the LTM again (this aids LTM storage)

Question 6

what are the characteristics of retrieval

Answer 6

• recovering stored info
• depends on the amount of info and how well we know it
• previous experiences affect how we judge and interpret info

Question 7

what are the advantages of multi store model

Answer 7

Simple to understand

Explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of info.

Gives a realistic answer to how an individual deals with / filters lots of information that they take in (from their surroundings) i.e. with sensory memory filtering information before it enters the STM

Explains how those with brain damage can suffer from dysfunctional memory

Explains how people with memory conditions can remember things from long ago but not what just happened

LTM explains how an individual can perform a skill that they haven’t done for a long time, (e.g. riding a bike)

It is true that info that is repeated /chunked is more likely to be stored in LTM

Question 8

what are the disadvantages of multistore model

Answer 8

Model is too simple or hasn’t been proven

Does not explain why an individual might remember one type of information but not another, e.g. a coach’s explanation but not a diagram

Evidence suggests STM is not a unitary store/ has separate parts

Does not prove the distinction between STM and LTM or does not effectively explain the interaction between STM and LTM

Does not quantify how much repetition results in LTM storage or not everything that is repeated is stored in the LTM or some people will remember things they look at once

Doesn’t account for individual differences in capacity / duration

Doesn’t account for interest/ motivation/ concentration/ understanding and it’s effect on memory

Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model is better at explaining how depth of processing affects memory

Question 9

what aare the characteristics of the craik and lockhart level of processing model

Answer 9

xUsed to explain how memory stores information at different levels of depth.

Opposes view of set memory stores proposed by MSMM

Focuses on what we do with information rather than how we store it

Question 10

in the craik and lockhart model what does the info have to be to be stored in LTM

Answer 10

1. Considered
2. Understood
3. Has meaning (linked to past experiences/ memories)

Question 11

what are the levels of processing for craik and lockharts model

Answer 11

Structural level
Involves paying attention to what the word looks like (shallow level of processing)

Phonetic level
Processing sounds of words

Semantic level
Actual meaning of words (deepest level)

Question 12

what are the advantages of craik and lockharts model

Answer 12

Explains well how we retain things we understand or have meaning

Explains that the longer and deeper we consider info the more we retain it

Question 13

what are the disadvantages of craik and lockharts model

Answer 13

Longer time taken to process info does NOT always lead to better recall

Difficulty defining what ‘deep’ processing actually involves

Doesn’t account for individual differences

Question 14

how can you relate both memory models to learning and performance of physical activity skills

Answer 14

• make memory processes more effective to learn and perform;
• rehearsal
• meaningfulness
  -association
  -acoid overload
  -organising infomation
  -mental imagery