Oedema

Question 1

A patient presents with ankle swelling and breathlessness due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. What is the most likely underlying process?
A. Dehydration
B. Water retention causing pulmonary or peripheral oedema
C. Infection
D. Venous thrombosis

Answer 1

Oedema is caused by water retention leading to pulmonary or peripheral oedema.

Question 2

A patient with heart failure presents with peripheral oedema. Which class of diuretic is preferred?
A. Thiazide diuretics
B. Potassium-sparing diuretics
C. Loop diuretics
D. Aldosterone antagonists

Answer 2

Loop diuretics are the preferred treatment for oedema in heart failure.

Question 3

Which diuretic is a loop diuretic?
A. Bendroflumethiazide
B. Amiloride
C. Furosemide
D. Indapamide

Answer 3

Furosemide is a loop diuretic.

Question 4

Which of the following is also classified as a loop diuretic?
A. Chlortalidone
B. Bumetanide
C. Spironolactone
D. Triamterene

Answer 4

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic.

Question 5

A patient is switched from furosemide to another loop diuretic with a longer duration of action. Which option fits this description?
A. Torasemide
B. Bendroflumethiazide
C. Amiloride
D. Metolazone

Answer 5

Torasemide is a loop diuretic with a longer duration of action.

Question 6

Where do loop diuretics exert their action in the nephron?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Distal convoluted tubule
C. Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D. Collecting duct

Answer 6

Loop diuretics act in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 7

What transporter is blocked by loop diuretics?
A. Sodium chloride cotransporter
B. Sodium potassium chloride cotransporter
C. Sodium hydrogen exchanger
D. Potassium channel

Answer 7

Loop diuretics block the sodium potassium chloride cotransporter.

Question 8

Which diuretic is a thiazide diuretic?
A. Indapamide
B. Bendroflumethiazide
C. Metolazone
D. Chlortalidone

Answer 8

Bendroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic.

Question 9

Which of the following is a thiazide-like diuretic?
A. Bendroflumethiazide
B. Indapamide
C. Furosemide
D. Amiloride

Answer 9

Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic.

Question 10

Which additional drug is classified as a thiazide-like diuretic?
A. Chlortalidone
B. Spironolactone
C. Bumetanide
D. Triamterene

Answer 10

Chlortalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic.

Question 11

A patient with resistant oedema is prescribed metolazone. What class does this drug belong to?
A. Loop diuretics
B. Thiazide diuretics
C. Thiazide-like diuretics
D. Potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 11

Metolazone is a thiazide-like diuretic.

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics?
A. Block sodium potassium chloride cotransporter
B. Inhibit sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule
C. Block aldosterone receptors
D. Block potassium channels

Answer 12

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics inhibit the sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 13

Which diuretic is classified as potassium-sparing?
A. Bendroflumethiazide
B. Amiloride
C. Furosemide
D. Indapamide

Answer 13

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic.

Question 14

Which potassium-sparing diuretic is associated with blue-coloured urine?
A. Amiloride
B. Spironolactone
C. Triamterene
D. Eplerenone

Answer 14

Triamterene can cause blue-coloured urine.

Question 15

How do potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride work?
A. Block aldosterone receptors
B. Inhibit sodium potassium chloride cotransporter
C. Block sodium channels in the late distal tubule and collecting duct
D. Increase sodium reabsorption

Answer 15

Potassium-sparing diuretics block sodium channels in the late distal tubule and collecting duct.

Question 16

Which diuretics are classified as aldosterone antagonists?
A. Amiloride and triamterene
B. Furosemide and bumetanide
C. Spironolactone and eplerenone
D. Bendroflumethiazide and indapamide

Answer 16

Spironolactone and eplerenone are aldosterone antagonists.

Question 17

What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?
A. Block sodium potassium chloride cotransporter
B. Increase potassium excretion
C. Inhibit aldosterone, reducing sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct
D. Block calcium channels

Answer 17

Aldosterone antagonists inhibit aldosterone, reducing sodium reabsorption.

Question 18

When should thiazide diuretics ideally be taken?
A. At bedtime
B. Early in the day
C. With the evening meal
D. At night only

Answer 18

Thiazide diuretics should be taken early in the day to avoid sleep disruption.

Question 19

How are loop diuretics typically dosed to minimise sleep disturbance?
A. Once daily at night
B. Once daily in the evening
C. Twice daily without interfering with sleep
D. Only when symptoms worsen

Answer 19

Loop diuretics are usually given twice daily without interfering with sleep.

Question 20

In which patient group should diuretics be prescribed with extra caution?
A. Children
B. Young adults
C. Elderly patients
D. Athletes

Answer 20

Diuretics increase the risk of adverse effects in elderly patients.