orientation

Question 1

anatomy vs physiology

Answer 1

anatomy: strucutre of the body parts and their relationships to one another
- gross anatomy = seen w/ anked eye

microscopic anatomy = seen with microschope (cytology & histology)

• Developmental anatomy = strucutral changes occuring over a lifetime

Physiology = function of the bodys natural machinery

*inseperable bc shape determines function

Question 2

what are the levels of strucutral organization?

Answer 2

1. Chemical level (atoms combine to form molecules)
2. Cellular level: cells made up of molecules
3. Tissue level: tissues consist of similar types of cells
4. Organ level: organs made up of diff types of tissues
5. Organ system: diff organs that work together
6. organism: has many organ systems

Question 3

what are the functions necessary for life?

Answer 3

1. maintaining boundaries (cellular and orgnaism level) *sep env form inside
2. Movement (locomotion, propulsion and contractility) *promoted by muscular system
3. Responsiveness: sense env changes & respond
4. Digestion: breakdown of ingested foodstuffs into simple absorbable mol
5. metabolism (cata, ana and cellular resp): all chemical rxns that occur in body
6. Excretion: removal of body wastes
7. reproduction: cellular and organismal level
8. Growth: cellular, organ and organismal (increase in size, ability to regrow if damage)

Question 4

what are the basic requirements for survival

Answer 4

1. nutrients: have the chem sub used for energy and cell building
2. oxygen: chemical rxn that release energy form food & oxidative rxns

*too much O2 is toxic

3. water: environement everythihg is in
4. Normal body temp
5. appropriate atmospheric pressure: needed for respiration

*exchange volume to maining pressure to have correct distribution of gases

Question 5

how do homeostatic control mechanisms work?

Answer 5

• has a Receptor control centre and effector
• produces a change in variable, throws off the balance
• Receptor is first point in reflex arc -> Detects change
• Sends info along afferent pathway (arrive) To control centre

Control centre

• Determines set point and what will happen to get to it
• Sends via efferent path (like exit)To effector

Effector

Provides means to respond to a stimulus

Return to normal range

Question 7

neative feedback cycle

Answer 7

• output shuts off effect of stimulus or reduced the intensity
• causes varibale to change in opposite direction to being back to normal range

*output shutting off intial stimulus

Question 8

describe the positive feedback cycle

Answer 8

• response amplfies or magnifies the stimulus
• begins: variable leaves homeostatic range
• end: outside factor has to shut off the cycle

Ex; child birth stretching of cervix stim oxytocin release cuaing uterine contracions to push abby against cervix (cycle repeats until baby is delivered)

Question 9

Superior

Answer 9

toward upper end of body

*head is superior to abdomen

Question 10

inferior

Answer 10

away from head/ toward lower part

*navel is inferior to the chin

Question 11

anterior

Answer 11

aka ventral

toward the front of body

*breastbone is anterior to the spine

Question 12

posterior

Answer 12

toward/ at the back of the body

*heart is posterior to the breastbone

Question 13

medial

Answer 13

toward the midline of the body - on the inner side

*heart is medial to the arm

Question 14

lateral

Answer 14

away from the midle of the body - toward the outer side

* the arms are lateral to the chest

Question 15

intermediate

Answer 15

between amore medial and more lateral structure

• *collarbone is intermediate betweent eh breastbone and shoulder

Question 16

proximal

Answer 16

closer to the origin of the body part/ limb of attachemnt

• elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 17

distal

Answer 17

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the bdoy trunk

*knee is distal to the thigh

Question 18

what are the different body planes

Answer 18

frontal (coronal), sagittal (median), transverse (horizontal)

*all other secitons are oblique

Question 19

frontal plane

Answer 19

separates anterior and posterior

Question 20

what is sagittal

Answer 20

medial

serparates left/right

Question 21

what is transferse plane

Answer 21

horizontal

separates superior form inferior

Question 22

what are the main body cavities

Answer 22

Dorsal: contains nervous system

Ventral: contains internal organs

Question 23

what are the parts of the doral body cavity

Answer 23

* for NS

• cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Question 24

what are the parts of the ventrla body cavity?

Answer 24

thoracic cavity (superior mediastinum, plural cavity, pericardial cavity)

diaphram (separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity)

-abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal cavity& pelvic cavity)

Question 25

what is serosa

Answer 25

serous membrane - coveres surfaced in the **ventral** body cavity \*ventral was abdomen & stuff - has a double layered membrane with: **Parietal serosa** (lines cavity walls) & **visceral serosa** (covered the organs) - separated by cavity filled w/ serous fluid for lubrication (fluid is secreted by both layers of the membrane \*\*fist is organ, outer balloon = pateital serosa, inner = visceral serosa, air in balloon + serous vacity

Question 26

what are the lesser cavities that are exposed to environemnt

Answer 26

- oral & digestive - nasal cavity - orbital cavity - middle ear \*synovial cavities are not exposed to the env (joint cavities)

Question 27

what cavities are not exposed to the environment

Answer 27

synovial cavities (joint cavities)

Question 28

symmetry of the abdomen

Answer 28

not symmetrical - ahs 4 quadrants that you can ue to describe where the structures are: right upper quad (RUQ), Left upper quad (LUF), Right lower quad (RLQ) and left loewr quad (LUQ)

Question 29

Answer 29

\*hypochondriac means under cartilage of breast bone (upper abdomen) \*epi means over \*lateral means side of \*romans called bully button umbilicus aka umbilical region \*inguinal means groin (iliac is wing of pelvic girdle) \*hypogastric means medial lower abdomen