Superficial Structures - Part 4

Question 1

What are the clinical findings for fibrocystic disease? (2)

Answer 1

1. Painful or tender breasts frequently 7-10 days before the start of menses
2. Increase in pain intensity closer to the start of menses

Question 2

What is the US appearance for fibrocystic disease? (4)

Answer 2

1. Hyper echoic breast parenchyma
2. Dense breast tissue 3. Prominent ducts
3. Numerous breast cysts

Question 3

What are 2 differential diagnosis for fibrocystic disease?

Answer 3

1. Multiple breast cysts 2. Mastitis

Question 4

What is a cause of hamartoma?

Answer 4

Proliferation of normal tissues

Question 5

What are the clinical findings for hamartoma? (2)

Answer 5

1. Asymptomatic

2. Palpable mass

Question 6

What is the US appearance for hamartoma? (5)

Answer 6

1. Heterogeneous complex mass
2. Smooth wall margins
3. May demonstrate posterior acoustic shadowing
4. Mass does not breach fascial
   plane(s)
5. Mass compresses with moderate transducer pressure

Question 7

What are 3 differential diagnosis for hamartoma?

Answer 7

1. Complex cyst
2. Carcinoma
3. Fibroadenoma

Question 8

What is the cause of a galactocele?

Answer 8

Obstruction of a lactating duct

Question 9

What is a clinical finding of a galactocele?

Answer 9

Palpable retroareolar mass

Question 10

What is the US appearance of a galactocele? (3)

Answer 10

1. Round or oval hypo echoic retroareolar mass
2. Smooth wall margins
3. Posterior acoustic
   enhancement

Question 11

What are 3 differential diagnosis of a galactocele?

Answer 11

1. Fibroadenoma
2. Complex cyst
3. Abscess

Question 12

What are the causes of gynecomastia?

Answer 12

Abnormal proliferation of ductal, glandular tissue, and stroma

Question 13

What are the clinical findings of gynecomastia? (2)

Answer 13

1. Abnormal enlargement of the male breast(s)

2. Painful or tender breast(s)

Question 14

What is the US appearance for gynecomastia? (3)

Answer 14

1. Hypo echoic to hyper echoic tissue beneath the areola
2. Ducts converging toward the areola
3. Increased amount of breast fat

Question 15

Is a gynecomastia usually unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 15

Can be both

Question 16

What are 2 differential diagnosis for gynecomastia?

Answer 16

1. Neoplasm

2. Mastitis

Question 17

What kind of disorder is gynecomastia involved with?

Answer 17

Hormone disorder

- endocrine

Question 18

What is increased with gynecomastia?

Answer 18

Subcutaneous fat

Question 19

What is a cause of lipoma?

Answer 19

Mature adipose tissue

Question 20

What is a clinical findings of a lipoma?

Answer 20

Soft, mobile mass

Question 21

What is the US appearance for a lipoma? (4)

Answer 21

1. Homogeneous hyper echoic mass within the subcutaneous fat
2. Oval in shape
3. Smooth wall margins 4. May appear similar to breast fat

Question 22

What are 3 differential diagnosis for a lipoma?

Answer 22

1. Glandular breast tissue
2. Fibroadenoma
3. Complex cyst

Question 23

What causes mastitis? (3)

Answer 23

1. Bacteria infection
2. Obstructed lactiferous duct
3. Infected cyst

Question 24

What are clinical findings for mastitis? (7)

Answer 24

1. Painful or tender breast(s)
2. Erythema
3. Fever
4. Thick nipple discharge 5. Swelling
5. Lymphadenopathy
6. Malaise

Question 25

What is the US appearance for mastitis? (2)

Answer 25

1. Dilated lactiferous ducts | 2. Hypervascular breast parenchyma

Question 26

What is a differential diagnosis for mastitis?

Answer 26

Fibrocystic disease

Question 27

What are the clinical findings of a papilloma? (2)

Answer 27

1. Asymptomatic | 2. Bloody nipple discharge

Question 28

What is the US appearance of a papilloma? (2)

Answer 28

1. Hypo echoic mass commonly found beneath the areola | 2. Single adjacent dilated duct

Question 29

What are 3 differential diagnosis for a papilloma?

Answer 29

1. Papillary carcinoma 2. Dilated lactiferous duct | 3. Lactiferous sinus

Question 30

What is the most common malignancy for breasts?

Answer 30

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Question 31

What are the clinical findings for invasive ductal carcinoma? (3)

Answer 31

1. Asymptomatic 2. Palpable breast mass 3. Changes in breast or nipple contour

Question 32

What is the US appearance for Invasive ductal carcinoma? (8)

Answer 32

1. Hypo echoic breast mass 2. Heterogeneous mass 3. Irregular or ill-defined borders 4. Posterior acoustic shadowing 5. Adjacent tissue may appear hyper echoic 6. Mass breaches fascial plane(s) 7. Cooper ligaments may appear thick and straight in course 8. Height of mass is larger than the width

Question 33

What are 3 differential diagnosis for an invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer 33

1. Degenerating fibroadenoma 2. Hematoma 3. Breast scarring or fibrosis