Urinary System - Part 3

Question 1

Which kidney is located more superior?

Answer 1

Left

Question 2

What are 5 renal anatomical variants?

Answer 2

1. Dromedary hump
2. Extrarenal pelvis
3. Fetal lobulations
4. Hypertrophied column of Bertin
5. Junctional parenchymal defect

Question 3

Dromedary hump

Answer 3

Cortical bulge on the lateral aspect of the kidney

Question 4

Which kidney is dromedary hump more common in?

Answer 4

Left

Question 5

What is the clinical finding of dromedary hump?

Answer 5

Asymptomatic

Question 6

What is the US appearance of dromedary hump? (2)

Answer 6

1. Lateral outward cortical bulge

2. Echogenicity equal to the cortex

Question 7

What are 4 differential diagnosis of dromedary hump?

Answer 7

1. Carcinoma
2. Hematoma
3. Renal cyst
4. Hypertrophied column of Bertin

Question 8

Extrarenal pelvis

Answer 8

Renal pelvis extrudes from the renal hilum

Question 9

What is the clinical findings of extrarenal pelvis?

Answer 9

Asymptomatic

Question 10

What is the US appearance of extrarenal pelvis? (3)

Answer 10

1. Anechoic
2. Oval-shaped structure medial to the renal hilum
3. No vascular flow

Question 11

What are 3 differential diagnosis of extrarenal pelvis?

Answer 11

1. Hydroureter
2. Renal cyst
3. Renal vein

Question 12

Fetal lobulation

Answer 12

Immature renal development

Question 13

What is the clinical finding of fetal lobulation?

Answer 13

Asymptomatic

Question 14

What is the US appearance of fetal lobulation?

Answer 14

Lobulations in the renal contour

Question 15

What are 2 differential diagnosis of fetal lobulation?

Answer 15

1. Junctional parenchymal defect

2. Dromedary hump

Question 16

Hypertrophied column of Bertin

Answer 16

Enlarged column of Bertin

Question 17

What is the clinical finding of Hypertrophied column of Bertin?

Answer 17

Asymptomatic

Question 18

What is the US appearance of Hypertrophied column of Bertin? (2)

Answer 18

1. Mass extending from the cortex into the renal pyramids

2. Echogenicity similar to cortex

Question 19

What are 3 differential diagnosis of Hypertrophied column of Bertin?

Answer 19

1. Carcinoma
2. Renal duplication
3. Abscess

Question 20

Junctional parenchymal defect

Answer 20

Embryonic remnant of the fusion site between the upper and lower portions of the kidney

Question 21

What is the clinical finding of a junctional parenchymal defect?

Answer 21

Asymptomatic

Question 22

What is the US appearance of a junctional parenchymal defect?

Answer 22

Triangular echogenic area in the anterior aspect of the kidney

Question 23

What are 4 differential diagnosis of a junctional parenchymal defect?

Answer 23

1. Technical factors
2. Calcified artery
3. Angiomyolipoma
4. Fetal lobulation

Question 24

Agenesis of the kidney

Answer 24

Absence of the kidney(s)

Question 25

Is agenesis of the kidney unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 25

It can be both | - but if it is bilateral it is incompatible with life

Question 26

What are the clinical findings for agenesis of the kidney? (2)

Answer 26

1. Asymptomatic when unilateral | 2. Fatal when bilateral

Question 27

What is the US appearance for agenesis of the kidney? (2)

Answer 27

1. Empty renal fossa(e) 2. Large, contralateral kidney

Question 28

What are 3 differential diagnosis of agenesis of the kidney?

Answer 28

1. Pelvic kidney 2. Surgical removal 3. Crossed fused ectopia

Question 29

What is agenesis of the kidney commonly associated with?

Answer 29

Associated with genital anomalies

Question 30

What variant does cake kidney come from?

Answer 30

Horseshoe

Question 31

Where is a cake kidney found?

Answer 31

In the pelvis

Question 32

What are the clinical findings of cake kidney? (2)

Answer 32

1. Asymptomatic | 2. Pelvic mass

Question 33

What is the US appearance of cake kidney? (2)

Answer 33

1. Fusion of entire medial aspect of both kidneys | 2. Anterior rotation of the renal pelvis

Question 34

What are 2 differential diagnosis of cake kidney?

Answer 34

1. Crossed fused ectopia | 2. Renal mass