What are some unique characteristics for western world people regarding culture ?
- low context dependent
- focus on object (center of the picture)
- independent low social activity
- not prescribed roles
- not good in emotion judging
- World= stable
- only one truth
- analytic thinking
What are some unique characteristics for Asians world people regarding culture ?
- High context dependent (relationships)
- Field dependent/contextual (background)
- not independent (more family) / high scocial activity
- prescribed roles
- can judge emotional feelings
- world is constantly changing (yin/yang)
- Also find a middle way solution
- holistic thinking
Why are there differences in cultural thinking ?
- Different societies with diff values
What are some of the values which split the western and asian world in diff societies ?
- Autonomy (free will) vs not autonomy
- Personal vs group goals
What is “change blindness” ?
- When the background is changing very fast but the objects stays the same then western people have more trouble seeing the diff then asians because of the diff focus !
What test identified or proved that W vs A have different types of focuses? (context vs object)
- Road frame test !
Why does change blindess work ?
-Nervous system combines similar scene to maintain a coherent/correct view of the world
Does the enviorment influence our perception?
(And name the two cases) !
- Yes it does
- if the enviorment afford mostly salient objects then people attend to them more closely
- if the enviorment is complex and the distinction between field and object is blurry then u do not focus on the object
- > also visa versa perception influences enviorment
What ist the defintion of culture, regarding Markus and Tomasello ?
- Culture holds within it all the achievements of our ancestors so that
we don’t have to start from scratch
What is cultural universality ?
(Give one example) !
- it is a phenomena or multiple phenomensa which is common for all humans
- Language
- the capacity to process these phenomenas is given across the world
What is cultural relativsm ?
- Not everyone has the sam capacity background knowledge to solve a task
- (So people should be judged by the criteria of there own culture and not by someone else)
What is the Hudson task about ?
- non literal kids and school kids had to describe a picture
How does culture impact memory (free recall)?
- school system which taught there children to think in cluster had a better time to free recall -> America
- But thinking in cluster is learnable
How does culture influence sorting/cotagorization regarding childreen ?
- first they sort by unique characteristics then later on by function
- no real impact of culture more a cross cultural think
- external influences have more impact on sorting
What external influences increase sorting ability regarding childreen ?
- Television
- school (diff mathematical system 1-20 better in asia )
- past experience
How is reasoning affected by culture ?
example use syllogism
- the schooled person accepts the major premise (vorrausetzung)
- the non schooled :
1. refused to accept it
2. Tend to rearrange them so conclusions can be formed from own knowledge
3. could also be due to hollistiv vs analytical thinking
How does culture affect cognition and cognitive development ? (Vygotsky)
- occurance and non occurance decide wheter u have to learn a skill or not
- culture determines frequency of tasks
- culture regulates difficulty of task
- culture determines which events go together
Do school- systems have certain downside on our childreen ?
- Yes
1. Less felxibility in reaching a solution
What is cultural blindness ?
- assuming that findings in own culture are in general true fro everyone
What is meant by the affordances in the enviorment mean ?
- both (america and chinese) find it easier to detect objects in the western world because the enviorment makes it easier
Different neural network underlie the cultural differences ? What are the differnces in neural networking ?
- higher activity in left cortex
- > activities are connecte to better self control, social perception - W: higher activty in right gyrus and cortex
- > activities are connected to self reflection and empathy for others
What were the findings in the emperical paper ? (chimps,childreen and monkeys) ?
- cummulative learning is only represented in humans
- Childreen listens to verbal instructions imitation is possible, and have a prosocial tendencies
- in contrast chimps were self serving
What does weird people stand for ?
- Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic societies
- 5%
What kind of strategies do western psychologist use and why are they not helpful regarding cross cultural interferenece ?
- exposure therapies, play therapy, and various cognitive behavioral therapy
- because of religion and gender difficulties -> start of gossip
