1
Q
What does linguistic relativity mean ?
A
– the ways in which speakers of any given language think are influenced by the language they speak
2
Q
What is the Whorfian hypothesis ? (name two position)
A
- language determines/influences thinking
- strong and weak position
3
Q
What is the strong position according to thw Whorfian hypothesis ?
A
- differences in language cause different in thinking
- E.g = unable to think about a topic if we don’t have the relevant words available to us
- E.g = numerical condition
4
Q
What is meant by numerical condition ?
A
: in absence of linguistic terms for specific numbers people are not able to understand numerical concepts
5
Q
What is the intermediate position according to thw Whorfian hypothesis ?
A
- language influences certain aspects of cognition such as perception & memory
- language cause preferences
- Effects of language are very task-specific
6
Q
What is now the the more supported position regarding the WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS ?
A
- intermediate hypothesis
- Language causes a tendency for people to attend to, perceive & remember information in certain ways
7
Q
What aspects are influencd according to the whofrian hypothesis ?
A
- colour categoristaion
- describing odour/smell
- Spatial perception
- Perception of Agency
8
Q
What is meant by the common ground ?
A
- Shared knowledge & beliefs possessed by a speaker & a listener that facilitates communication
9
Q
What is the major goal of each conversation ?
A
increasing & extending common ground
10
Q
How do we understand sentences of others ?
A
- Via the pragmatic model of grice
- Via the prediction model (kintsch)
11
Q
Explain the pragmatic model of grice:
A
- it explains how we understand metaphorical and other statements
- 3 steps:
1. Understand literal meaning
2. Decides if it makes sense in he current context
3. If it does not make sense sarch for a suitable non literal meaning
12
Q
Explain the the prediction model (kintsch):
A
Explains metaphorical sentences via two processes
- Latent semantic analysis
- construction intergration copmonent
13
Q
Why is the pragmatical model of grice not correct ?
A
- because it says that metaphorical meanings are much slower assesed the literal ones which not the case
14
Q
What is the explanation of why people do not have a conversation based on a common ground ?
A
-Egocentric Heuristic
Keysar
15
Q
Explain the Egocentric Heuristic
(Keysar):
A
- interpretation of what they hear based only on their own knowledge rather then based on a common ground
- because people are effortless use heuristic
- Eg: bookcase experiment
16
Q
Dscribe the bookcase experiment:
A
- speaker = pt small candle above it
- reciever = grabed a candle which the speaker could not see and was not aware offn
17
Q
What are the limitations on the Egocentric Heuristic ?
A
- existing common groung more effortless then the heuristic
- heuristic less often used between friends
- proof was conducted in a very artifical setting (bookcase experiment)
18
Q
How does Wm impact language comprehension ?
A
- HIgh WM:
1. high attention & attentional control (reduced mind wandering)
2. more effective situation models when reading
3. better at discriminating between relevant & irrelevant info
19
Q
What happens when u are low on WM ?
A
- seductive details affect
20
Q
What is meant by the seductive details effect ?
A
- tendency to reduce comprehension of a text with irrelevant info
21
Q
How do the European view the correlation between talking and thinking ?
A
- talking allways had a privileged position regaridng thinking(greek = no greater skill) -> belief that thought & speech are closely related
- Thoughts are verbal
- conclude things about people based on what they say
22
Q
How do Asian people view the correlation between talking and thinking ?
A
- talking was not correlated to thinking (who knows does not speak)
- thought are non vebal
- See less of a connection between what one says and who one is
23
Q
What kind of communication did the European use and why ?
A
- explicit
- not as much effort regarding building relationships/common ground ->low context-> more explicit communication is needed
- Eg: meaning of the word is more important then the spoken tone
24
Q
What kind of communication did the Asian use and why ?
A
- implicit
- much effort regarding building relationships/common ground -> higher contect -> more implicit communication
- E.g: tone is more important than the literal meaning of the word
25
What can we conclude regarding cross cultural differences ?
- Less speech doesn’t necessarily mean less communication
| - the closer we are the less speech we need
26
What other factors influence thinking ?
- The use of foreign language
| - Bilingualism
27
How does foreign language influences thinking ?
- shapes moral judgment
- Heightened utilitarianism (Improvment of system 2)
- > explains trolley dilemma ! = non native would accept the circumstances in the bridge case then non native
- Blunted deontology account (stunts system 1)
- more rule based acting (systematic) then morality acting
28
Why do people act more systematic / rule based ?
- moral violations depeend on norms -> which are learned through social interaction thought in native language -> since language activates a a recall process only the native language recalls social norms
29
How does Bilingualism influence thinking ?
- better cognitive control
- better attention to language (actiavtion of DLPC)
- enhancment of control mechanism
- more mental flexibility
- Better inhibition of irrelevant facts better selection of relevant facts and better sustained attention
30
Which two theories explain how inference occur ?
- Constructuvist approach
| - Minimalist approach
31
What is the Constructuvist approach about ?
- Readers construct mental models of sitch & events described
- inferneces are drawn automatically even when not required
32
What is the - Minimalist approach about ?
- Inferences are either automatic (only a few!) or strategic (= goal directed)
- NOT ALLWAYS Automatic
- Automatic inferences: establish local coherence (make sense of a few sentences)
- Strategic inferences: created by the readers goal
33
What is the graded salience hypothesis about ?
- salient information are easier to process/ understand
34
What are the 3 types of inferences ?
- logical inferences
- Bridging inferences
- Elaborative inferences
35
What is meant by Logical inferences ?
- depend only on the meaning of the words
| - e.g. a widow is a female
36
What is meant by Bridiging inferences ?
- builds coherence/rlationship between current and preceding part of the text
- uses bonding (info from previous sentences
- uses resolution = overall interpretation is consistent with context
37
What is meant by Elaborative inferences ?
- based on own knowledge & involve adding details to a text
38
Name an example of bridging inferneces ?
Anaphor resolution
- noun hat to be linked to previous noun
- E.g: Tom sold Dave his CD because he hated it
39
What additional factor influencess inferences?
- superioir reading skills
- WM
- engagment
40
What are the limitations of the Minimalist Hypothesis ?
- Most elaborative inferences are made at recall rather than during reading
41
What is the opposite of the WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS ?
- Universalism
42
What is meant by Universalism ?
- Ur thinking determines how u speak
| - E.g Inventing a new word
43
Who suggested a theory which is lies between the universalism and whorfian hypothesis , and what does it state ?
- Vygotsky
| - language and thought are independent of each other
44
In which way do native speaker respond ?
- They use Deontological responding
45
What is meant by Deontological responding ?
- they repsond in consideration of moral values and not consider consequences
- opposite to utilitarianism responding
46
What is meant by utilitarianism responding ?
- Only focus on consequences
| - do what is best for the group
47
According to the foreign language effect which of the two factors (Blunted deontology account vs Heightened utilitarianism) gained more support ?
- Blunted deontology account
48
Explain the Event intdex model:
- While reading or waching/ listenning u create a mental model
- it is about narrative text (simple)
- Model exist out of 5 aspects
49
What are the five aspects of the menatl model ?
- Protagonist
- Temporality
- Causality (event relationship)
- Spatiality
- Intenionality (people relationship)
50
What happens when the outdated infos are updated ?
- Here and now view -> modern vies is more present
| - Resonance view -> new info resonates with existing knowledge (both infos are equally kept)
51
What does the event segmentation mean ?
- Explains how updating works
1. Incremtal updating = step by step so one dimensions get replaced by the next
2. Global updating = whole model is replaced
52
How does the Schema theory work ?
- schemas contain essentail info which are needed for understanding input and to form expectations
- comprehension and memory are depended on the top down process which is triggered by schema
- schema can also lead to wrong comprehension of the story
53
How does the Construction integration model work ?
-it explains comprehnsion of texts based on the combination of schemas with mental model
54
How do schemas wrongly predict the comprehension of a story ?
- Rationalisation:
- levelling
- Sharpening
- > elena
55
What are the limitations of the schema theory ?
- disagreement regarding definition of schemas and what infos they precisely contain
- to many errors in comprehension due to schema
56
What are the limitations of the construction integration model ?
-> elena
57
What is the process of the construction integration model ?
-> elena
