1
Q
What is the classical view / approach ?
A
- Something belongs to a category if it fits to the definition of the category !
2
Q
Name some charactersitic regarding classical view:
A
- Examples share fundamental characteristics
- Clear cut
- Not better or worse fit
- Clearly defined
3
Q
What are some problems regarding the classicla approach ?
A
- Requires perfect match between defintion and object
2. Some might fit easier which we will learn then faster
4
Q
Why is cogintive economy so usefull ?
A
- You divide the world into clases which decreases the amount of information we need to learn and remember
- cause u choose what u want to learn
5
Q
What are the lvls of categorization and how are they structured ?
A
- Hierachical organised
- Superordinated lvl
- basic lvl
- subordinate lvl
6
Q
What are some key features regarding the superordinate lvl ?
A
- high coverage
- very broad
- > Example: furniture
7
Q
What are some key features regarding the basic lvl ?
A
- the most relevant conceptual information relating to a category
- table
- people tend to focus on that lvl
8
Q
What are some key features regarding the subordinate lvl ?
A
- low coverage
- Really in detailed information !
9
Q
What is the variable that influence the lvl of categorization ?
A
- knowledge
- Based on knowledge the lvl can switch and makes it for every person different
10
Q
What does more knowledge lead to ?
A
- Faster classification
- Better discrimination
- More detailed description
11
Q
What are the Similarity based categoristaion systems ?
A
- Classical bases approach
- prototype view
- exemplar view
12
Q
What is the prototype based approach ?
A
- Compaing the new object with a prototype that represents the category
- based on average
13
Q
Name some characteristics regarding the protoype view:
A
- typical prototype is based on an average of members of a category
- must not be present
- family resemblance
- Allows variation
- good when knowledge is allready build
14
Q
What does family resemblance mean ?
A
- The idea that you are in a category and share multiple components
- fuzzy boarders
15
Q
What does variation stand for regarding the prototype view ?
A
- different typicaliyt
- high = more closer related
- low = less related
16
Q
What are some limitations regarding the prototype model ?
A
- similarity to earlier example influences categorization (priming)
- no info about attribute values (coin and pizza could be same)
- ignore correlations of features
17
Q
What is the exemplar based approach ?
A
- Novel object is assigned to the category
that contains examples that show the
closest likeness to the novel object - comparison to an actual member
18
Q
What are some characteristics of the exemplar based approach ?
A
- Exemplar is actual part of the category
- greatest number of similarity
- Good for small categorize and atypicall structures
- important for early learning
19
Q
What are some problems with the exemplar view ?
A
- difficult to define most relevantf features and limited memory capacity
20
Q
What is now the best strategy out of all approaches/theories/views ?
A
- Hybrid approach
21
Q
What is the Hybrid approach ?
A
- combination of prototype exemplar approach
22
Q
What is the recognition by components theory ?
A
- biedermann
- able to recognize object by there geons
23
Q
How does rule based classification work ?
A
- selective attention on relevant features
- check for each feature if the correct value is given
24
Q
When would you choose a similarity based strategy?
A
- Time pressure
- High task load
- first impression
- random training
- Culture difference (family resemblance/rules)
25
When would you choose rule based strategy?
1. If u have to be careful
2. blocked training
3. Culture difference (family resemblance/rules)
26
What is the neuronal activity regarding similarity based testing ?
- cerebellum and occipital lobe
27
What is the neuronal activity regarding rule based testing ?
- cerbellum
- occipital lobe
- parietal = Selective attention
- motor cortex = rehersal and speech
- prefronatl cortex = WM
28
What is the knowledge based view ?
- doesn’t just compare features or physical aspects of the objects but also uses his background knowledge
29
What are the four category types ?
1. natural categories = natural objects (Appel)
2. functional categories = functional objects
3. ad hoc categories = When somemthing is needed
4. Formal categorization
30
What is so special regarding category types ?
- Each category type can have subcordinate categories
| - Categorys are infinite
31
How is an object categorised or on what is it dependent ?
- stable core
- inferred features
- ideals
- present or context
- frequently or recently activated knowledge
- cultural differnces
32
Name the three ways on how to form/find a new concept:
- Simultaneous scanning
- Successive scanning
- Conservative focusing
33
How does simulatneous scanning work ?
- (using multiple concepts at the same time)
| - fast but less precise
34
How does successive scanning work ?
- one hypothesis at a time
| - slower but more precise
35
How does conservative scanning work ?
- having one hypothesis and compare that one activly with other hypothesis
36
How does simlarity based strategy work?
- A person decides whether a test item belongs to a particular category by determining its similarity to remembered exemplars of the category
37
What kind of strategy is used regarding working memory ?
- rule based strategy
38
What is the theory based categorization?
-One decides whether something belongs to a category by determining whether the features of the test item are best explained by the “theory”
39
What are the two explanation based categorisation theories ?
- theory based categorisation
| - The Knowledge-Based View
40
What kind of strategy is used regarding Explicit long term memory ?
- Explicit = retrieved with awareness
| - uses similarity strategies
41
What kind of strategy is used regarding implicit long term memory ?
- Implicit = retrieved without awarness
| - also similarity based categorization
42
What is essentialism ?
- A view that every object has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity function -> innately determined
- Two Characteristics
1. membership is fixed for a long time
2. Being part of the group let other people know something about ur charistics
-
43
Which groups usually use essentialsim and what does it supress ?
- supresses creativity
| - close minded people
44
What is the one drop rule ?
- individuals with any non-white ancestry are classified as members of the non-white race
45
What are lay theories ?
- theories formed by people to make sense of their environments, guide behaviour, provide systems of beliefs and organize the social world.
- could be related to essentialism
46
What is meant by the Principle of hypodescent ?
- assign multicultural individuals to the subordinate racial category
47
What is the theory based categorization about ?
- something belongs to a category by determining whether the features of the test item are best explained by the “theory” that underlies the category
48
Name two characteristic ?
- innately determined
| - inacubility
49
Support of esentialism ?
- Racial essentialim
50
What is the competing theory based on essentialsim ?
- prototype because of fuzzy boarders
51
History of essentialism
- biedermann recognition by component theory
52
What is a similar theory to essentialism ?
- lay theory -> because it tells u how to organize ur social world
53
What is an aplication of essentialism
- one drop rule
