1
Q
What is the Game theory?
A
- interaction between two agents based on:
- common knowledge about the rules
- rationallity
- payoff knowledge (regarding material and utility)
- having informaton about the opponent
- > so it can predict certain events
2
Q
Which theorys do provide prediction regarding furture behavior ?
A
- Game theory ( only rationality ) = not good predictor
2. Behavioral Game theory (rationallity + emortions) = good predictor
3
Q
How would someone behave according to the early game theory ?
A
- you react selfish to maximize material outcomes
4
Q
What was the problem with the early game theory ?
A
- could not explain charitable predition and voter turnout
5
Q
What does the Behavioural game theory/psychological game theory include ?
A
- social factors, fairness, social image
6
Q
What are some solution according the game theory ?
A
- usually first eliminates the weak strategey and then come up with the nash equiliburum ?
7
Q
What is the nash equiliburum ?
A
- it is a state/situation where no one has the need to change the strategy
8
Q
What are some social decision making tasks ?
A
- prisoners experience
- Public goods game
- Dictator Game
- Ultimatum Game
- Third party punishment game
9
Q
What do u in general study regarding the social decison making task ?
A
- The conflict between emotional and cognitive motivation
10
Q
What were some findings regarding the prisoners experiment in correlation to the social decision making task ?
A
- joint defection = nash equiliburum
- that would be the rational way
- but people do oftenly more cooperate in realoty (1/3) of all cases
11
Q
Explain the public good theory :
A
- You decide if u want to contribute to the public good and use it or u do not contribute and use it
- Allows free riders
- Best individual vs best collective strategy
12
Q
Explain the dictator game:
A
- same as the utilmate game but player B has no influence on the offer (no rejection)
- People offer less then in the utility game
13
Q
Explain the Ultimatum Game:
A
- Two players
- Player A recieves money which he can split with himself and player B
- player B can reject the offer and then both gain nothing
- 3 possible outcomes (fair unfair rejection)
14
Q
How would a ratonal person react to the ultimatum game ?
A
- Rational people allways accept
15
Q
What was considered as a low offer regarding the ultimatum game and what what was the standard offer ?
A
- standard offer 40%-50%
- low offer 20% - 40%
16
Q
What would happen if u gain an offer from a computer and not from another person ?
A
- u allways accept
17
Q
Why would play B reject the offer ?
A
- social influences on decision making
- punisment of because of norm breaking
18
Q
What is meant by cooperation ?
A
- At first us sacrifice something to create a maximum utility outcome
19
Q
Why does cooperatin evolve in our popultion ?
A
- Nasty rules (defecting) depend on Nice rules (cooperating)
- If there would be no cooperator left then all who would use nasty rules would die
20
Q
What was the best strategy regarding cooperation and defecting ?
A
- tit for tat
1. cooperation
2. goes along with what the person has done on the privious choice
21
Q
What influences cooperation ?
A
- The cosideration of person B (ur partner)
- Empathy
- Fear
- Different values of people
- Trust
- Generosity
- Communication
22
Q
How does the cosideration of others influence cooperation ?
A
- lees cooperation when it was non previosuly what the person has choosen
- persepctive taking decreased cooperation
- High cognitive load = not able to focus = more cooperation
23
Q
How does emapthy influence cooperation ?
A
- empathy promotes prosocial behavior !
- higher cooperation
24
Q
How does fear influence cooperation ? And what two kind of fears do we have ?
A
- Taking as a sucker (less cooperation)
- Being attacked for self intrested behavior
(more cooperation)
- Once fear is removed people will act greedy
- Greedy = negative to cooperation
25
How does our brain react to a fair person and not fair person get punsihed ?
- Fair partner = experience pain
- Unfair partner = no experience of pain
- activity in pain related areas
26
How do different values influence cooperation ? (name 3 different values and connect them to proscocial behavior) -> ASK ELENA WHICH OF THE LAST TWO VALUES ARE CONNECTED TO COOPERATION
- Prosocial = equality (related to be around siblings)
- Individualist (maximise own gains)
- Competitors maximise relative gain
27
What is meant by upward counterfactuals and downward counterfactuals ?
- UC = behavior correlated to " it could have been better the las time"
- DC = behavior correlated to it could have been worse my last behavior)
- LEARN HOW TO SPELL DC AND UC
28
How does upward counterfactuals and downward counterfactuals influence cooperation ?
UC-> more cooperation
| DC -> less cooperation
29
How does trust influences cooperation ?
- Trust leads to more cooepration
- more turst is given when there is higher reputation
- higher trust is achieved if u play social dicesion making task over and over with the same person
30
How does generosity influence cooperation ?
- Well peopel some times act defecting even though you do not want to
- usually these circumstances are not controllabel
- could lead to never ending revenge
- Solution would be generosity = TFT +1
31
How does communication influences cooperation ?
- can also prevent never ending revenge relaionship which are due to not controllabel circumstances
- inreases cooperation
32
What two types of punishment do we have ?
- moralistic punishment
| - antisocial punishment
33
What is meant by moralistic punishment ? And how does that influence cooperation ?
- punishment of free riders or non cooperated people ->
34
What is meant by antisocial punishment ? And how does it influence cooperation ?
- punishment of high cooperators -> destabilies cooperaton also reduces the effect of moralistc punishment
35
Why would someone even use antisocial punishment ?
- Due to revenge
- to motivate people to even contibute more
- Do gooder derogation
- normative conformaty
- biological market theory
36
What is meant by the biological market theory ?
- you choose ur partner for cooperative behavior based on: most able, willing, and available to provide benefits
- it is more a competitive cooperation
- Goal is to look better by outbidding the partner
37
What is meant by Normative conformity ?
- : a desire and expectation to behave as all others do-> so all deviation are bad. So even if they are good for the group
38
What is meand by the do gooder derogation ?
- not on purpose but hsowing off others make the look bad because u contribute more
- people who help get criticized
39
What is the appraisal theory ?
- emotions are responses to an agent evaluating a certain situation ->then creates an action response
40
Name two examples regarding the appriasal theory: considering guilt and anger
- Guilt arises form the feeling that u failed someone -> so u want to make up for it
- anger araises if a goal can not be reached in a given situation -> action would be revenge
41
What is meant by guilt aversion ?
- the belief that guilt makes cooperation possible
42
What kind of neurol activity was shown regarding guilt ?
- Increase activity in insula anterior cingulate cortex dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction
- connected to fair behavior
- these areas are linked to the theory of mind
43
What kind of neural activity was shown when maximising financial self-interest ?
- connected to unfair bhaviour
- increase activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex ventral striatum and dorsomedial pre frontal cortex
- areas are linked to reward processing & mentalising
44
What kind of neural activity was shown when anger influences decision making ?
- dorsal ACC (Anterior cingulate cortex) and anterior insula
- related to rejection
45
Which areas active during high reasoning and which areas are active during low reasoning ?
- Low lvl of reasoning -> rACC
| - High lvl of reasoning (mPFC + ventralPFC)
46
Which societies show higher cooperation ?
- larger societies
2 Factors:
1. Market integration (greater trading markets)
2. Payoff to cooepration (lots of cooperation with non-immediate kin increases coop)
47
Which social class show higher cooperation lvl ? (Give examples)
- upper class show more unethical behavior -> lees cooperaton
- Example:
- > breaking laws lie in negotiation, cheat more
48
Why do upper class people show more unetical behaviour ?
- > they are higher on - self-focused social cognitive tendencies (greed)
- have usuall less structural constraints
- higher ability to deal with consequences
- do not care about being evaluated
- more goal focused
49
How is religion market integration and community size correlated to fairness ?
- world religion= higher fiarness
- market integartion = fairness
- community size = higher punishment -> more fairness
