1
Q
What is the definition of moral reasoning ?
A
- The process of determine the difference between what’s right or wrong
processing - based on emotions
2
Q
What is moral dumbfounding ?
A
- people often reach strong moral conclusions they cannot logically defend
3
Q
What is deontology?
A
- based on kant
- ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong (rule based)
- rules are made by individual for individuals because of on moral reasoning
- rule based
4
Q
What are some characteristics regarding deontology ? (name one limitation as well)
A
- easy to apply
- disregards consequences
- solutions are sometimes inacceptable
- avoids subjectivity and uncertainty because u have the law law
- Does not explain how people take actions
5
Q
What is the Doctrine of double effects ?
A
- You may take an action which has a good and a bad effect
1. if the intent is good
2. and the bad effect is not the way that the good effect is produced - trolley dilema do not switch
6
Q
What is Utilitarianism ?
A
- determine right & wrong by focusing on outcomes (reason based)
- Most ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good/consequenzes for the greatest number of people
7
Q
What are some limitations regarding the Utilitarianism ?
A
- Can’t always tell consequences in advance
- Can’t explain group biases
8
Q
What is the dual processing theoy regarding emotions ?
A
- By greene System 1: (deontology) - affective response less rational - Activated when emotionally invested System 2: (ultilitarism) - Conscious, rational - reduced emotional impact - rule based deontology
9
Q
What is the social intuitionist Model ? (SIM)
A
- Describes moral judgemnt as a link betwenn 3 types of processing
1. Intuition
2. judgment
3. reasoning - > also explains how we influence our friends / relatives
10
Q
What are the six steps for the SIM ?
A
- Intuitive judgement link: (judgments are driven by intuitions)
- Post-hoc reasoning link: reasoning driven primarily by one’s judgement
- Reasoned persuasion: reasoning influences another’s intuition (person B)
- Social persuasion (überzeugung) – own judgement influences another’s by changing their intuition (person B)
- Reasoned judgement – allows reasoning to directly influence judgement (not common)
- Private reflection: lets reasoning influencing intuition
11
Q
What is the Moral Foundations Theory ?
A
- it says that we have 5 psychological moral foundations on which most cultures & individuals build their systems of morality
12
Q
What are the 5 moral foundations and how are they divided ?
A
- Binding foundations:
- in group/loyalty (commitment to social group)
- Authority/ respect
- Purity/ sanctity - Individualization binding
- Care/ harm
- Fairness/ cheating
13
Q
What is the the additional 6th moral foundation ?
A
- Liberty/Oppression (unterdrükung)
14
Q
What is the difference betwenn binding foundations and individualization foundation ?
A
- the person-focused = individualization foundation
- group-focused = binding foundations
15
Q
How is morality linked to evolution ?
A
- binding foundations were key for communal living
- moral emotions can be linked to higher general fitness
- emotional responses led to tit for tat strategy
16
Q
How does our brain process moral judgments in general ?
A
- interconnected system which means domain general and it also wires more and more while we mature
17
Q
Name some key brain parts regarding moral judgments:
A
- vmPFC = center for caregiving behaviours (empathy concern)
- Medial prefrontal cortex = interprets & understand mental states of others and oneself
18
Q
What is empathy ?
A
- capacity to imagine how other people feel ? (perspective taking)
19
Q
Is morality the same as empathy ?
A
- Morality empathy are two independent motives
- Empathy can interfere with moral decision making through group biases (fav own kin and in group)
20
Q
How is stress and morality connected ?
A
- Stress response activate regions involved in emotional processing same as cognitive reasoning = less utilitarian response
- Stress leads to System 1
21
Q
What are some gender differences regarding utilitarian?
A
- males more utilitarian responses than females also female response more with empathic response
22
Q
What is moral enhancement ?
A
- increasing morality via the the traditional indirect strategy or the direct biomedical strategy
23
Q
Who benefits from the moral enhancement ?
A
- via lowering immoral behavior it increases public safety -> proven to help more society then the individual
24
Q
What is the traditional/indirect Method of moral enhancement ?
A
- changing the mind
- try to change thought pattern and behavior
25
Name some characteristics regarding the indirect tradition method of moral enhancement :
- seems morally as more right
- does not change the narrative identity because of gradual manner (slow increase and rejection is always possible)
- uses active intervention
26
What is the Biomedical/direct Method of moral enhancement ?
- focuses on the brain
| - Change brain structure & function which results in different behavioral pattern
27
Name some characteristics regarding the direct/biomedical method of moral enhancement :
- seem morally to be more wrong
- changes narrative identity-> self blindness
- uses passive intervention
- do not have the ability to withdraw
28
What are the effects of sleep and morality ?
- a lack of sleep leads to low moral awareness -> do not recognize unethical behavior
29
What is the difference between passive and active intervention ?
- Active intervention = need the receiver to be actively involved in determining the goal
- Passive intervention =don’t rely on active involvement of receiver to achieve their goal
30
Are there differences within societies in society regarding moral behavior ?
- Higher social classes make more utilitarian decisions
- Low-income people in WEIRD cultures are more cooperative than wealthy people
- religion and economy have an impact as well
31
How is immoral defined by the western world ?
- Deontological ethics: moral obligations are understood to be inescapable
- Describe harmful behaviours as “immoral"
- outcomes are proportional to effort
- torlley dilemma -> flipping the lever is correct
32
How is immoral defined by the east world ?
- Describe uncivilised behaviours as “immoral”
- personal actions = colective moral concern (sexuality)
- individuals deserve equal outcomes
- trolley dilema: need more additional info
33
What is moral identity ?
- it is a network of moral traits that collectively define a persons moral character
34
What are the two kinds of moral identity ?
1. Internalization
| 2. Symbolization
35
What does internalization stand for ?
- it is about the private aspect
- high moral identity
- ur moral identity is linked to your everyday reasoning and acting among all decisions
36
What does symbolization stand for stand for ?
- it is about the public aspect
- morality identity can be either high low or normal
- moral identity is about gaining attention via moral identity behavior in public
37
What is prescriptive moral regulation ?
- you show actions in decision which support ur morality
- helping to hide a jew in WW2
- > those are high internalizers
38
What is proscriptive moral regulation ?
- show morality via not acting (not doing something bad)
39
What is the relational model theory ?
- it assumes that all almost all social interactions are based on 4 mental models/Schemas
- These four schemas follow a moral motive to form moral judgement
- by Fisk
- usually u use multiple models in conversation
40
What are the four mental models and there moral motives ?
```
1. Communal Sharing =
UNITY
2.Authority Ranking =
HIERARCHY
3. Equality Matching =
EQUALITY
4. Market =
PROPORTIONALITY
```
41
Define 1. Communal Sharing =
| UNITY
- perceiving people in the in group in a similar way
- group gets Preferential treatment
- collective responsibility
- > Example would be Honour cultures:
42
Define 2. Authority Ranking =
| HIERARCHY
- Rank/order of people in a particular dimension to know relative positions
- higher people deserve more
- higher people are responsible for action
43
Define 3. Equality Matching =
| EQUALITY
- Allow for differences which balance each other out
- being equal but also explains revenge
- equality via revenge is approved
44
Define 4. Market =
| PROPORTIONALITY
- uses rates to compare punishments or rewards with effort and cost
- usually violated by free riding
45
What is null morality ?
- lack of any kind of relationship leads to moral indifference
46
What is conflicting moralities ?
- u interpreted the identical situation differently then other people do via using another model/schema -> leads to conflicting judgments
47
What do u need for moral behavior ?
- Reason-responsive behavior
48
What is Reason-responsive behavior ?
- it is an ability to be receptive to reasons and to translate those reason into choices
