topic 19

Question 1

define generalization

what are the 3 types

Answer 1

• behaviour that occurs in the presence of a SD that is similar to that used in training; in other words, behaviour change that exists beyond the training program
  1. response maintenance: extension of behaviour change over time, after the program is not longer in effect
  2. transfer of behaviour across situations and settings: behvaiour change takes place in new settings and circumstances
  3. response generalization: altering on ebehaviour leads to similiar changes in another; eg. reduction in classroom disruptions also occured

Question 2

3 steps to promote generalization

Answer 2

1. exploit natural contingencies
2. train diversely: allow variations in the antecedent stimui, responses and consequences employed in the modification procedures
3. incorporate functional mediators: mediators= a stimulus that occurs b/w training and generalization, and facilitates or promotes generalization; eg reffering to flashcards before giving a presentation

Question 3

Specific Strategies

explain a behavioural trap and 5 steps to set it up

training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement

Answer 3

• a behaviour that has been developed by programmed reinforcers is “trapped” by natural reinforcers
  1. identify your prey: select the behaviours that have natural reinforcers
  2. find some powerful bait: observe them or ask them directly
  3. set the trap
  4. maintain your trapline: start small and gradually progress to more complex behaviour
  5. appraise you catch: make modifications or set another trap if ineffective

Question 4

Specific Strategies

thin the schedule of reinforcement

Answer 4

• switch from cotninuous to intermittent schedule
• gradually decrease frequence of reinforcement

Question 5

Specific Strategies

explain: modify contingences of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment

Answer 5

• if natural contingencies of reinforcment are not available, the trainer can teach others to provide reinforcement to the target person
• eg. train teachers to provide feedback and praise

Question 6

Specific Strategies

explain: incorporation of a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training

Answer 6

• ie. expand stimulus control
• often a narrow range of SDs are used during training
• subsequently, generalization may not occur if a diff SD is introduced