1
Q
define fear
A
- caused by a stimulus that produces unpleasant phsiological response
- respondent condition: conditioned emotional response
- operant conditioning: negative reinforcement - escape or avoidance behaviour
2
Q
basic principles
what is respondent extinciton
3 kinds
A
- present a CS repeatedly without the US
- acn help extinguish CRs associated with substance abuse
1. in vivo: real-life events, objects, or people
2. imaginal: mental representations
3. symbolic: overt representations
3
Q
basic principles
what is counterconditioning
Mary Cover Jones (1924): How can conditioned fears be removed?
A
- includes extinction: involves presenting the CS without the US
- trains the person to subtitue a competing or incompatible behaviour for the CR when the CS is present
- called “the first behaviour therapist” and “the mother of behaviour therapy”
- Used Peter whos target behaviour had a fear reaction in response to a white object
- subsequent behaviour treatment program: “direct conditioning” (counterconditioning or stimulus substitution
4
Q
relaxation techniques
explain progressive msucle relaxation
2 controversil aspects
A
- alternately tensing and relaxing different muscle groips while resting
- can be used with children as yound as 3 years of age
1. evidence shows that tensing the muscles may not be required
2. audio recorded protocols or scripts may not be as effective as in person training with therapist
5
Q
relaxation techniques
explain diaphragmatic breathing
A
- aka deep breathing
- using the msucles of the diaphragm to breathe deeply and slowly in a rhythmic pattern
- activates the parasympathetic nervous system
- behaviour is incompatible with the rapid, shallowing breathing associated with high arousal and anxiety
6
Q
relaxation techniques
explain attention focusing exercises
3 of them
A
- guided imagery
- imagining pleasant and peaceful scenes and images
- can be done in person with a therapist or while lsitening to an audio recording - autogenic training
- self produced
- full session involes all parts of the body takes about 35 mins - mediation
- focusing attention to an object, event, idea to help the person become detached or dissociated from their physical state
7
Q
relaxation techniques
explain what is behaviour relaxation training
A
- involed relaxing differen muscle groups and adopting certain relaxed body postures
- does not include the msucle tensing component
8
Q
exposure-based therapies
explain what is systematic desentitization
3 steps, evaluation and controversies
A
- applied to reverse a person’s learned fear response
1. learning relaxation techniques and exercises
2. develop stimulus heirarchy - subjective units of discomfort scale
3. therapist describes CS while the person maintains a state of relaxation - starts with the least fear-inducing CS
- reciprocal inhibition: relaxation response decreases the fear response
- evaluation: highly effective in helping overcome fears
- controversies: not all research finds that relaxation enhances desenitization
9
Q
exposure-based therapies
explain what is in vivo desensitization
A
- gradual exposure to the actual sitmulus that is producing fear/anxiety
- is effective for anxiety disorders, obessions and complusions
- more efficient than imahinal procedures
10
Q
exposure-based therapies
explain flooding
A
- client is exposed to a highly feared object or situation for a prolonged period of time
- therapist prevents client from escaping or avoiding the situation
- anxiety is not reinforced; response is extingushed
- impolsive therapy: used imagined stimuli or situations
11
Q
exposure-based therapies
explain modelling
3 types
A
- ppobic person watches someone else eprforming a fear behaviour
1. participatn modeling
2. videotape modeling
3. computer-aided vicarious exposure
12
Q
exposure-based therapies
explain virtual reality exposure
A
- presents a controlled, simulated experiecne as part of exposure therapy
PSYCH 282
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