Topic 8

Question 1

Are respondent behaviours elicitied or evoked?

Answer 1

• respondednt behaviours are elicited or controlled by stimuli
• significant stimuli elicit reflexive responses that have survival value

Question 2

Describe the experiment Ivan Pavlov conducted

Answer 2

• measures dog’s salivation to meat powder
• used metronome as a conditioned stimulus

Question 3

What are the components of respondent conditioning?

define: US,UR,NS,CS,CR

Answer 3

• unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, iwthough any learning or conditioning
• unconditional response: reflexive response naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
• neutral stimulus: stimulus that has no effect on reflexive responses
• cs: stimulus elicits a response through learning (initally neutral stimulus that is paired with an uncoditioned stimulus
• cr: response elicited by a cs

Question 4

What are the 4 types timing of stimuli

Answer 4

1. trace conditioning
2. delay conditing
3. simultaneous conditioning
4. backward conditioning

Question 5

explain higher order conditioning

Answer 5

• if NS is paired with an established CS, NS will become a CS that elicits the same response
• first-order and second order:

Question 6

Explain Little Albert experiment

- what was the operant stimulus and response; respondent stimulus

also explain repsondent extinction and spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

• whenever Albert reached for the white rat, a loud sound was made
• done in repeated sessions
• Albert crying and crawling away is the operant escape response
• operant stimulus: generalization - avoidance response evoked by furry objects
• respondent stimulus: discrimination - played with blocsk normally
• respondent extinction: repeated presentation of CS withouth the US causes weakening of CR
• spontaneous recovery: presenting CS after extinction elicits a CR

Question 7

What are some factors influencing effectiveness of respondent conditioning

Answer 7

• high intensity of US, salience of CS are more effective
• temporal relationship between the NS and the US; shorter interval is better (optimal at 0.5s)
• contingency b/w the NS and the US: should occur together on every trial
• more pairings create a stronger conditioning
• previous exposure to the CS/prior learning