1
Q

Define what standards are

A

Guidance on how to meet legislation

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2
Q

Give reasons why standards are necessary:

A

Provide recommendations on how to design products, usually by a set of minimum requirements
Regularly updated to reflect latest legislation to ensure compliance
Provide guidance to manufacturing processes to ensure quality and safety

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3
Q

Define what BSI stands for

A

British Standards Institution (BS)

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4
Q

Define what CE stands for

A

European Conformity (Conformitè Europëenne)

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5
Q

Define the ISO

A

International Organization for Standardization

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6
Q

Give names of some engineering bodies

A

Engineering Council
Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)
Society of Operations Engineers (SOE)
Chartered Institution of Building Services (CIBSE)
Institute of Agricultural Engineers (IAgrE)
Institute of the Motor Industry (IMI)
The Welding Institute (TWI)

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7
Q

Define the Engineering Council and what they do

A

UK regulatory body for engineering
Holds the national register for many engineering technicians, incorporated or chartered engineers etc.
Sets and maintains internationally recognised standards of professional competence and ethics that control the award and retention of these titles

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8
Q

Define the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and what they do

A

Registered charity with thousands of engineering and tech professionals
Provides advice to the UK Parliament and government
Produces fact files and briefings, available to the public
Teaching the impacts of engineering and technology in society through mainstream or specialist media

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9
Q

Define the Society of Operations Engineers (SOE) and what they do

A

Professional engineering institution of maintenance engineers
Tries to implement smarter ways of working, improve maintenance and inspection processes and embed sustainable engineering practices
Offers free membership to students and apprentices

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10
Q

Define the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) and what they do

A

Registered charity that reflects the engineering profession
Develops key partnerships with leading multinational employers to ensure technical workforces are trained to the highest standard
Encourages professional registration and long-term career growth

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11
Q

Define the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) and what they do

A

Institution of promoting building service engineers by accrediting courses of study in higher education
Supports the science, art and practice of building services engineering to achieve better buildings in the future
Consulted by government on construction, engineering and sustainability

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12
Q

Define the Institute of Agricultural Engineers (IAgrE) and what they do

A

Registered charity that works for public benefit
Promotes good practice in all applications of tech across the land-based sector
Brings together academics, practitioners and industry to share knowledge and promote professionalism
Has interests in agriculture, forestry, environment and other land-based industries

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13
Q

Define the Institute of the Motor Industry (IMI) and what they do

A

Professional body for people in the automotive industry
Created to establish new skills and knowledge benchmarks for the growing automotive industry
Aims to maintain standards, assess and accredit those working in the sector, develop people and careers and maintain an international membership community

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13
Q

Define the Welding Institute (TWI) and what they do

A

Engineering institution for the professionals in welding, joining and allied technologies
Delivers globally recognised qualifications to ensure importance of welding or other technologies so its widely understood in engineering
Ensures welding and joining professionals are held in high expectations by engineering communities

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14
Q

Define quality assurance

A

All the activities involved to prevent defects and mistakes and ensure products are designed and manufactured to meet customer requirements

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15
Q

Define quality control

A

A part of QA focusing on detection of defects in the design or manufacturing process

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16
Q

Why is it important to have a culture of quality

A

Because everyone can contribute to quality which means boosted customer satisfaction

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17
Q

What does Quality Assurance focus on?

A

Planning and documentation of processes to secure quality.

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18
Q

QA is a __________ ________ to ensure that quality standards and customer requirements are met.

A

Management approach

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19
Q

Give examples of QA systems used in engineering

A

Total quality management (TQM)
Right first time
Quality standards (ISO 9001)
Inspection and testing
Document and version control

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20
Q

Define Total quality management

A

Continuous process of detecting and reducing errors, streamlining supply chain management and ensuring employees have the latest training

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21
Q

The four basic categories of TQM are:

A

Plan, Do, Check, Act

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22
Q

Describe how TQM’s Plan, Do, Check, Act works

A

Plan - Form objectives and processes to meet customer needs
Do - Implement processes
Check - Monitor and measure processes
Act - Change processes if needed

23
Q

Define right first time

A

Ensuring that any procedure performed is right the first time and every time to increase efficiency in production

24
Define Six Sigma and give the 5 main points from the **DMAIC methodology**
Set of tools for process improvement Define problem Measure problem Analyse root cause Improve process Control process
25
Define ISO 9001
International standard that sets out requirements for quality management
26
Give the benefits of using ISO 9001
Increased productivity, efficiency and profitability Improved customer experience Enhanced reputation, attracting new customers to an organisation
27
What is an inspection test plan?
Document or series of documents used for quality assurance purposes
28
What does an inspection test plan contain?
Highlights how quality of a particular object will be ensured throughout its product life cycle Outlines different testing and inspection tasks completed to ensure project has the adequate properties
29
Define **traceability**
Ability to trace all processes from procurement of raw materials to production and disposal, to clarify **when and where the product was produced and by who**
30
What should traceability contain?
**Full identification** of each **component**; **source**; any **documentation** associated with a receipt or any **other relevant information**
31
Why is document and version control important in a quality assurance system?
Allows an organisation to approve, review or update documents, make changes and identify revision status or to prevent use of obsolete documents
32
Define the purpose of inspection
To distinguish good lots/pieces from bad lots/pieces To measure **process capability** To measure the precision of measuring equipment To determine if the process is changing or if its approaching specification limits To rate the quality of product or accuracy of inspectors
33
Give the stages of inspection in order
Receiving inspection -> Inspection of production process -> Inspection of finished goods
34
What happens in each stage of inspection, from first to last?
Receiving inspection - Stage involves checking all purchased raw materials and parts before being taken into stock to be used for manufacturing Inspection of production process - Inspection during production process usually at critical production points Inspection of finished goods - Testing of goods before marketing to ensure poor quality products are rejected or sold at reduced prices
35
What is 100% sampling?
Very detailed inspection of quality at each stage of manufacture.
36
State the limitations of 100% sampling
Very expensive Suitable only for small number of pieces or for when an exceeded quality threshold is required
37
What is Statistical process control (SPC)?
Method of quality control which employs statistical methods to measure, monitor or control a process (ex. sampling)
38
State the advantages of SPC
Ensures process operates efficiently, producing more spec-conforming products with less waste Emphasises early detection and prevention of problems, rather then correction
39
Define process capability
A statistical measure of repeatability, consistency and how good a process is at meeting the quality standard
40
Define **quality improvement**
Systematic approach using specific methods to improve quality
41
Name the 8 wastes
Defects Overproduction Waiting Non-utilized Talent Transportation Inventory Motion Overprocessing
42
Define Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA)
Structured way to identify and address potential problems or failures and their effects on a process **before** an event occurs
43
Define the 4 main points from FMEA
Failure - Potential Mode - Types, ways possibilities Effect - Negative effect on the process Analysis - Assess risk and reduce it
44
State the advantages and limitations of FMEA
Can be used for existing and new products Good communication tool Time consuming Evaluation can vary between teams and is often subjective
45
What is a cause and effect diagram?
Graphic tool used to explore and display possible causes of a certain effect
46
State the advantages and limitations of cause and effect diagrams
Provides a visual structure for considering influences on performance Allows more reliable improvement strategies to be developed Tend to be too simple for real-world problems Data may not be verified which can lead to inappropriate improvement strategies being implemented
47
Define a Pareto analysis
Decision-making tool which is useful for many possible courses of action to help pick the best one
48
How does Pareto analysis work?
Estimates the benefit delivered by each action, then selects a number of most effective actions that deliver a total benefit close to maximum possible one. **80/20 rule** - **80% of effects come from 20% of causes**
49
State the advantages and limitations of Pareto analysis
Clearly shows important and non-important variables Allows determination of which problem to address first Only shows qualitative data May need more than one chart
50
Define what a quality circle is
Small groups of workers at different levels in a firm who come together to discuss and solve production problems
51
State the advantages and limitations of quality circles
Improved quality Employee morale boost Inadequate training Lack of management interest
52
Define what a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is?
Set of step by step instructions written by an organisation to help workers carry out routine operations, used in manufacturing, quality and maintenance
53
What do SOPS help to achieve?
Safety and training Quality output Standardisation of activity Customer satisfaction Reduction of miscommunication Consistency and conformance to standards
54
Name three types of SOP formats
Step-by-step, hierarchical and flowcharts
55
Describe what a hierarchical SOP format contains
Policy - establishes scope of the SOP (why process) Procedures - outlines the steps to complete the process and roles for those involved (what and who process) Guidelines - provide additional guidance to meet quality standards (how process) Documentation - Establishes record-keeping system to ensure compliance with regulations and policies
56
What does a typical SOP contain?
Title and document number Required equipment and materials Potential hazards Skills required Number of people needed Time to complete and recommended frequency Steps to follow Approval signatures, notes and dates