Unit 8

Question 1

Caliph

Answer 1

The Leader of the Islamic Religion; means deputy of God’s messenger. They inherit the role of leader but not the role of prophet or spirituality. No direction from God other than to lead the church that Muhammad established. They believe Muhammad was the last prophet.

Question 2

Abu Bakr and Ali

Answer 2

Abu Bakr was the first Caliph after Muhammad died. Ali followed him in succesion.

Question 3

Umayadd and Abbasid Dynasties

Answer 3

661-750 and 750-1200. Muawiya established the Umayadd dynasty which ruled over the Islamic religion. He set up a hereditary dynasty for his future children. There was still opposition to this. The Abbasids claimed to be related to Muhammad; which made the Shia happy. Both Dynasties focused on expansion.

Question 4

Sui Dynasty (589-618)

Answer 4

After several hundred years of political fragmentation the Sui dynasty united most of it. The First leader (Wen Di) had to assassinate 59 princes to accomplish this. The Sui dynasty built 1200 miles of Canals which linked northern and southern China; allowing trade to flourish.

Question 5

Tang Dynasty (618-907)

Answer 5

The Tang dynasty united all of China after the Sui. This was seen as the Golden Age of China. Created Gunpowder in 1044. Major Economic and Population boom with an estimated doubling of population to around 21 Million.

Question 6

Yang Jian Emperor Wen

Answer 6

Also known as Wendi; first emperor of the Sui Dynasty.

Question 7

Empress Wu

Answer 7

624-705. During this period there was roughness with the Tang dynasty. Women rode on Horseback during her reign. She was one of the last emperors of the Tang dynasty. She went from Concubine to Empress and became a favorite for her wit and knowledge.

Question 8

Silla and Koryo Dynasties

Answer 8

688-900 and 935-1392. Korean Dynasties. The Silla fought against the Koguryo and the Paekche over the Korean peninsula. They asked China for help and obliged; so Silla in 688 controlled the full Korean peninsula.

Question 9

Shotoku Taishi

Answer 9

United Japan whereas before it was a bunch of tribes/warring states. He also sent educated people to China and other places to learn from them and then come back.

Question 10

Battle of Bach Dang River 938 CE

Answer 10

Vietnam gains independence from China in this battle.

Question 11

The Gupta Empire (320-540 CE)

Answer 11

The Empire in India. Smaller than the Mauryan empire. This is the last time India is an empire or under control until the 1500s.

Question 12

Hinduism

Answer 12

This was the evolution of the Vedic Religion and involved a more personal worship or Bhakti.

Question 13

Bhakti

Answer 13

A more personal worship for Hinduist believers. Temples were built for these Bhakti. The Bhakti would devote themselves to one God; doesnt mean they ignored the others but they would focus on one of them.

Question 14

The Puranans

Answer 14

Religious texts in Hinduism written from 300-1500 CE. These are encyclopedic works containing myths; legends; genealogies of gods and kings; cosmology; and religious philosophy. There are major and minor ones each with separate stories or philosophies.

Question 15

Brahmanism

Answer 15

The early form of Hinduism that emerged from Vedic religion; roughly from 800 BCE to 200 CE. It emphasized ritual practices performed by Brahmin priests; the authority of the Vedas; the caste system; and concepts like dharma (duty) and karma. Eventually evolved into classical Hinduism.

Question 16

Angkor Kingdom

Answer 16

A powerful Khmer empire in Southeast Asia (802-1431 CE); centered in present-day Cambodia. Famous for constructing massive temple complexes like Angkor Wat and Angkor Thom. At its height; one of the largest pre-industrial urban centers in the world.

Question 17

Srivijaya

Answer 17

A maritime trading empire based on the island of Sumatra (roughly 650-1377 CE). It controlled strategic waterways through the Strait of Malaka and became wealthy through maritime trade between India and China. Also a major center of Buddhist learning.

Question 18

Borobudur

Answer 18

A massive 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in central Java Indonesia. Built during the Sailendra dynasty; it’s the worlds largest Buddhist monument.

Question 19

Teotihuacán

Answer 19

An ancient Mesoamerican city near modern-day Mexico City that flourished from roughly 100 BCE to 550 CE. At its peak; one of the largest cities in the world (population possibly over 100000); featuring massive pyramids like the Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon.

Question 20

The Popol Vuh

Answer 20

260-900 CE. A book with Mayan stories in it from this period of time.

Question 21

Ch’ulel and Blood-letting

Answer 21

In Maya religious belief; ch’ulel was a sacred life force or spiritual essence possessed by all living things; especially concentrated in blood. Maya rulers performed ritual blood-letting ceremonies to communicate with gods and ancestors; validate their divine kingship; and maintain cosmic order.

Question 22

Chichen Itza

Answer 22

A main center for the Mayan Civilization.

Question 23

Tikal

Answer 23

One of the most powerful City States around 732 CE; it had paved plazas and a temple named the temple of the Jaguar. This was in the Central America area to the west of the Maya.

Question 24

Allyu

Answer 24

A group of farmers in the Andes who would band together to farm. They needed to band together because of the difficult mountainous area. They used raised field farming and built dams to maintain water access for summer.

Question 25

Tiwanaku

Answer 25

One of the civilizations in the Andes; later taken over by Inca.

Question 26

Wari

Answer 26

One of the civilizations in the Andes; later taken over by Inca.

Question 27

Chimu

Answer 27

One of the civilizations in the Andes; later taken over by Inca.

Question 28

Pueblo

Answer 28

Located in the South West area of the United States. They struggled with Agriculture because of the natural desert but eventually started growing corn or Maize. They had pit houses dug into the ground. A large interconnected people with constructed roads and larger settlements (max 500 per settlement).

Question 29

Kiva

Answer 29

The Pueblo people used these as a meeting house. It was a bigger hole house thing that they made for anything important.

Question 30

Chaco Canyon

Answer 30

500-1200 CE. The Pueblo people made this area. About 500 people lived here; a large permanent settlement for this area at this time. Diminished after 1100 CE likely because of decades of drought.

Question 31

Pohnpei

Answer 31

An Urban Complex (not a city) located in Micronesia. Known as the Venice of Oceania because it had canals. They had an ocean-based civilization with docks and homes right above the water. Built around 900 CE.

Question 32

Rapa Nui

Answer 32

Known as Easter Island; famous for large statues known for their heads. About 800 of these statues with 200 unfinished. The tallest is 35 ft; most being 20ft. They represented ancestors (Hypothesis) and were placed outside villages looking towards them. Called Moai.

Question 33

Tui'Tonga

Answer 33

Line of kings who ruled Tonga from 900-1800 CE. Had a royal court and oversaw prosperity. They employed skilled fishermen and navigators. The King would receive tribute or tax and pass it to tribal rulers for distribution. Traded with those around them.

Question 34

Caroline Island and Yap

Answer 34

Yap is an island in the Caroline Islands. Yap was a center of a trade network in Micronesia. They would donate canoes and gear to others in exchange for food. People believed the island had magic so they kept inhabitants happy to avoid storms.

Question 35

Wheeled Plow

Answer 35

Created in the Byzantine empire/Eastern Europe. Helped them farm much more efficiently. These were heavy and pulled by oxen. This allowed fields to filter water so their fields would get water but had an easy way to drain.

Question 36

Three-Field Rotation

Answer 36

They would alternate their fields between systems: one field for planting; one in fallow (pasteurize animals and not grow crops for free fertilizer); a third with nitrogen-rich plants to refertilize soil. They would alternate each planting season.

Question 37

Iqta

Answer 37

Grants of land similar to the feudal system. These were granted to military commanders who retired so they would have something to do and land to cultivate.

Question 38

Astrolabe and Compass

Answer 38

Compasses were not new during the 1300s but their use for navigation was new. An Astrolabe was a compass with other features. It could find the horizon; sun and stars and give more information which helped with navigation.

Question 39

Portolan Chart

Answer 39

Navigational maps created in the 13th-15th centuries that focus on coastlines and are overlaid with a web of compass lines.

Question 40

Usury

Answer 40

Money changers.

Question 41

Silk Roads

Answer 41

A major trading route in Asia going from west to east. It passes through Persia and ends above China. Worked like a relay; merchants would not travel the whole thing but trade with other merchants. The roads were well kept and consistent.

Question 42

Caravanserai

Answer 42

A big hotel or warehouse or safe place where merchants and travelers could stay while they traveled the Silk Roads. There were multiple of these. Trade and rest happened here.

Question 43

Sea Roads

Answer 43

Connected to the Silk Roads; routes going into the Indian Ocean. Not actual roads but common paths that boats would take. Also took place in the Mediterranean. Expanded during this time with better ships making it faster and more efficient. They also traded in Oceania.

Question 44

Swahili

Answer 44

An Arabic term for people who live on the coast. The Swahili peoples of Eastern Africa were of Bantu descent. They were part of the Sea road and Oceanic trade. They were a bunch of independent city states.

Question 45

Great Zimbabwe

Answer 45

Directly West of Madagascar. Zimbabwe was a huge contributor to the Sea roads. It developed connections with other civilizations and greater urbanization. They peaked around 1250-1350 CE with 18000 people.

Question 46

Sand Roads

Answer 46

Also known as the Trans Saharan Trade routes. Basically the Silk Road equivalent of Africa. They would travel across the Sahara. A north-south route from northern Africa through the Sahara to the southern part. Traded in the western part around the Saharan desert.

Question 47

Kingdom of Ghana

Answer 47

A kingdom (400-1200 CE) that came about partly because of wealth through control of the Sand Roads. They traded Gold mostly and had full control of the Gold trade. Their leaders converted to Islam which increased connections. Eventually fell when they tried to expand and were attacked by nomadic peoples; fully taken over by Mali.

Question 48

Kingdom of Mali

Answer 48

Took over the Kingdom of Ghana with similar traits but bigger area. They expanded the Sand Road trade routes and benefited even more.

Question 49

Mansa Musa

Answer 49

A ruler of Mali in Africa. Mansa is the title; Musa the name. Seen as the richest king in all the land. He was a capable ruler who brought lots of gold to give away on his travels. He provided support for religious and educational buildings. Loved books and dedicated resources to making books.

Question 50

Timbuktu

Answer 50

A center of Book production for Mali. A more central spot in the Sand Roads trade routes. People would come to get books or order a book to be made.

Question 51

Madrasa

Answer 51

A Location in the Islamic region where people studied; similar to a college. They would study sciences; calligraphy; and religious practices.

Question 52

Sufism and Sufis

Answer 52

Sufism was a movement to take focus off of the law and focus on personal experience with the divine; so a mystical form of Islam. Personal relationship with God over law.

Question 53

Arabic Calligraphy

Answer 53

Arabic became a bigger language and the Calligraphy became very popular. Very detailed and intricate books became a staple mark of this period.

Question 54

Cathedral School

Answer 54

Schooling that took place in a cathedral; supported by a bishop. Would teach basic letters; writing; and music. Also taught computation and basic calculation. Not for everyone but for the wealthy; also only available to men/boys.

Question 55

Seven Liberal Arts (Trivium Quadrivium)

Answer 55

Trivium: Grammar; Rhetoric; and Logic. Quadrivium: Arithmetic; Geometry; Music; and Astronomy. A form of second education taken after the Cathedral Schools.

Question 56

Universitatis

Answer 56

First university in Paris; or the first secondary education form called a university was in Paris. Seen as a corporation of masters and students. These universities would focus on separate specific topics such as religion or law.

Question 57

Ibn Rushid and Ibn Sina

Answer 57

Islamic Scholars who translated ancient Greek texts into Arabic and then Latin.