Vernacular Literature
Vernacular means everyday language. Latin and Arabic were the educational languages, but around this time poems, stories, and other things were starting to be written in the vernacular, so French or Italian. So more records were being kept since more people were able to write it in their own home language.
Sanskrit
A language in India, one of the few things that unite the indian culture during this time. Used for education and had a by product of unity. 400-900 Spread of Sanskrit, used to be a vedic religious text. It turned into a more used written language for politics and other things in addition to religious texts.
Muhammas Ghuri
An India man who is Islamic who conquered and united a portion of India. The Northern half to be precise, he started the Delhi Sultanate.
Delhi Sultanate
(1200) Established by Muhammas ghuri who started to take over the norther part of India. He succeeded in doing so. So The Delhi Sultanate was a Sultanate (Nation like)in Northern India. About 20-25% of the people convert to Islam as a result of this being an Islamic nation. They also had Sufi Missionaries.
Song Dynasty: (960-1279)
This was a period of time in China’s history where technology flourished and the Civil Service exam was re instituted. Students were required to learn and take this exam, and if they passed this Civil Service exam made them able to getting government jobs etc. this made schooling launch off during this time. Which in turn meant that China had a golden age of knowledge and learning.
Civil Service Exam
An important exam used to gain status in china. If you passed the test and passed it well then you could get a government position. Because of this many youth spent their entire lives studying for this exam. This caused education to boom in China.
Zhu Xi
1130-1200 He was known for trying to reinfuse Confucius learning into their culture and trying to live these things. At the time people were just memorizing what it was and not living any of it. He took the analects and re-ordered them to try and make it more central. Confucianism is reformed (just becoming more relevant and organized) and becomes more popular because of him.
Block Printing
They would write everything on one block and this would then be stamped onto paper. Not like a moveable type which was reusable this was a single thing, although this was cheaper so it was more common.
Moveable Type
They had brass stamps for letters and they started making paper. With this they were able to print documents multiple times and quicker than they had in the past, which was huge! The more liked option, just more expensive.
Great Schism of 1054
Pope Leo IX doesn’t like the patriarch of Constantinople and wants him to submit to him since he’s the pope. The Patriarch of Constantinople directly associates with Kings and higher ups and sees no reason why the Pope should rule over him, they then excommunicate each other. Many Schisms have happened in the Catholic church, but usually they would take it back, but this time they never did.
Investiture Contest
This is the issue of who appoints Bishops. Technically the church does, but the emperor had been in the past and this came into question. A pope by the name of Pope Gregory VII who is very reforming minded. Tells everybody that the Pope is fully in charge and even has control over Kings etc. After some argument King Henry IV is excommunicated.
Pope Urban II
Became Pope after Gregory’s Death. He receives a request for military help and instead of just helping he decides it would benefit him if he made it religious. So instead of going where the help is really needed (Turkey and Byzantium Empire) he decides this is a good excuse to go try to take over Israel and issues the first Crusade.
Just War
The 3 requirements for a Pope to declare war. They must have been attacked first, The pope or King needs to sanction it, and the people needed to fight for a just cause, so their families and liberty.
The Peasants’ Crusade
Peter the Hermit went around before the 1st crusade on his own accord gathering up those who wanted to go, hence the peasants crusade. When they arrive in Constantinople Alexius tells them they aren’t trained and should wait until the main force arrives or they will die. They don’t listen and they do die.
Crusader States
These are little kingdoms to rule over the spots they’ve conquered as a result of the Crusades. So there was a King of Jerusalem etc. Its one of these falling to Islamic forces that causes the call for the second crusade.
Salah ad-Din (Saladin)
Was a Sultan and good strategist. Took the kingdom of Jerusalem. This causes another Crusade. This Crusade ends in a treaty between King Henry and Saladin as King Henry knows he would probably lose against Saladin.
Siege of Acre
The Last territory that is still owned by the Catholic church from the first Crusade, it is finally taken in 1291.
The Crusades
The Battles taken to reclaim the holy land by the catholic Church. Started when the Byzantine empire requested help and Pope Urban II decided to turn it into something he wanted instead, so he went off to fight, but did not come to the aid of the Byzantine Empire. He manipulated the cause of Just War and even promised those who went to fight that this would count as a pilgrimage as well as a war for God, gaining many willing people who wanted to do this.
