VISDIC: C Flashcards by Candice Mae Pableo

What is a structural system utilizing the cable as the principle means of support?

CABLE STRUCTURE

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What are flexible structural members, such as a wire rope or metal chain, having high tensile strength, but offering no resistance to compression or bending

CABLE

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Refers to the vertical distance from the supports to the lowest point of a cable structure

SAG

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What are the general sag:span ratios of cable structures?

between 1: 8 and 1:10

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What is the shape assumed by freely deforming cable in direct response to the magnitude and location of external forces?

FUNICULAR SHAPE

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What is the shape assumed by a freely deforming cable in direct response to a set of concentrated loads?

FUNICULAR POLYGON

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What is the shape assumed by a freely deforming cable in direct response to a uniformly distributed load?

FUNICULAR CURVE

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What is the curve assumed by a perfectly flexible uniform cable suspended freely from two points not in the same vertical line?

CATENARY

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What is a structure shape to carry or support a given loading by either axial tension or compression?

FUNICULAR STRUCTURE

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What is a lens-shaped structure having the outward thrust of an arch balanced by the inward pulse of a cable, resulting in no net lateral forces at the supports?

LENTICULAR STRUCTURE

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What is a structure of cable suspended and pre-stressed between compression members to directly support applied loads?

SUSPENSION STRUCTURE

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What bridge has a deck suspended from cables raised on towers and securely anchored to abutments at the ends?

SUSPENSION BRIDGE

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The first two is suspension structure utilizing a parallel series of cables to support surface forming beams or plates. This structure is susceptible to flutter induced by the aerodynamic effects of wind. This liability can be reduced by increasing the dead load on the structure or anchoring the primary cables to the ground with transverse guy cables

SINGLE-CURVATURE STRUCTURE

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What is a cable for absorbing the horizontal component of thrust in a suspension or cable-stayed structure and transferring the force to a ground foundation?

GUY CABLE

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What is a vertical or inclined compression member in a suspension or cable stayed structure supporting the sum of the vertical force components in the primary and guide cables; inclining this member enables it to pick up some of the horizontal cable thrust and reduces the force in the guy cables?

MAST

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What is a suspension structure having upper and lower sets of cables of different curvatures pretensioned by ties or compression struts to make the system more rigid and resistant to flutter?

DOUBLE-CABLE STRUCTURE

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Reference to one of the pretension cables directly supporting the load on a suspension structure

PRIMARY CABLE

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Refers to one of the pretention cables used for stabilizing a suspension structure against flutter, usually having a curvature opposite to that of the primary cables

SECONDARY CABLE

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What is a cable for anchoring a set of secondary cables in a suspension structure?

BOUNDARY CABLE

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What is a suspension structure composed of a field of crossed cables of different and often reverse curvatures. Each set of cables has a different natural period of vibration, thus forming a self-dampening system that is more resistant to flutter?.

DOUBLE-CURVATURE STRUCTURE

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What is the underside of a floor showing the supporting beams and finished to form a ceiling?

BEAM CEILING

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What is the concave surface forming a part of a ceiling at its edge so as to eliminate the usual interior angle between the wall and the ceiling?

COVE

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What is a ceiling having a cove?

COVE CEILING

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What do you call a ceiling having the form of a truncated pyramid?

CAMP CEILING

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What structure has vertical or inclined mass from which cables extend to support horizontally spanning members arranged in a parallel or radial pattern?

CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

what is the overhead interior surface of the lining of a room, often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above?

CEILING

Refers to one of a number of recessed, usually square or octagonal panels in a ceiling, soffit, or vault.

COFFER Also, CAISSON LACUNAR

What do you call a ceiling, soffit, or vault adorned with a pattern of recessed panels?

LACUNAR

What do you call a flat or vaulted ceiling of decorative character?

PLAFOND

What is a secondary ceiling formed to provide space for piping or ductwork, or to alter the proportions of a room?

DROP CEILING

What is a ceiling suspended from an overhead floor or roof structure to provide space for pipes, ductwork, lighting fixtures, or other service equipment?

SUSPENDED CEILING

What do you call the space between a suspended ceiling and the floor structure above, esp. one that serves as a receiving chamber for conditioned air to be distributed to inhabited spaces or for return air to be conveyed back to a central plant for processing?

PLENUM

What is a ceiling of acoustical tile or other sound-absorbing material?

ACOUSTICAL CEILING

What is an acoustical tile consisting of a steel or aluminum pan having a perforated face and containing a separate layer of sound-absorbing material?

METAL PAN

What is the principal member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal channel or tee suspended by hanger wires from the overhead structure?

MAIN RUNNER

What is a thin metal strip inserted into the edges of two acoustical tiles to make a butt joint between them?

SPLINE

What is a groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to receive a spline or T-shaped member of a supporting grid?

KERF

What do you call a metal grid of inverted tees supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling?

EXPOSED GRID

What do you call a metal grid for supporting a suspended ceiling of acoustical tiles having rabbeted joints?

RECESSED GRID

What do you call a metal grid supporting the acoustical tiles of a suspended ceiling, hidden within kerfs cut into the edges of the tiles?

CONCEALED GRID

What is a suspended ceiling system of narrow metal strips, usually incorporating modular lighting and air-handling components?

LINEAR METAL CEILING

What is the secondary member of the grid supporting a suspended ceiling system, usually a sheet-metal tee carried by the main runners?

CROSS TEE

What is a suspended ceiling of translucent panels for diffusing the light from luminaires mounted above it?

LUMINOUS CEILING

What is a suspended ceiling of translucent panels for diffusing the light from luminaires mounted above it?

LUMINOUS CEILING

What is a suspended ceiling system incorporating acoustical, lighting, and air-handling components into a unified whole?

INTEGRATED CEILING

What is a long, narrow diffuser designed to disperse air through slots between the panels of an integrated ceiling system?

LINEAR DIFFUSER or SLOT DIFFUSER

what is the overhead interior surface of the lining of a room, often concealing the underside of the floor or roof above?

CEILING

Refers to any of various hard, brittle, noncorrosive, and nonconductive materials formed by the ionic bonding of a metal and a nonmetal, such as brick, concrete, and natural stone

CERAMIC

Refers to any of various products made by firing clay or similar materials in a kiln, such as brick, tile, and pottery

CERAMIC WARE

Refers to a low-fired, opaque, non vitreous ceramic ware

EARTHENWARE

Refers to a hard, vitreous, translucent ceramic material consisting essentially of kaolin, feldspar, and quartz, fired at a very high temperature

PORCELAIN

Refers to a translucent ceramic material, bisque-fired at a high temperature and glaze-fired at a lower temperature

CHINA

Refers to a fine white clay used in the manufacture of porcelain and white portland cement

KAOLIN Also, CHINA CLAY

Refers to a vitreous, usually opaque, decorative or protective coating applied by fusion to the surface of metal, glass, or pottery

ENAMEL

Refers to an opaque, glassy coating bonded to metal by fusing at a high temperature

PORCELAIN ENAMEL or VITREOUS ENAMEL

Refers to a high-fired, opaque, vitrified ceramic ware

STONEWARE

What is the process of hardening or glazing ceramic ware by heating in a kiln to a specified temperature?

FIRING

Refers to make a clay body vitreous by firing at a specified temperature

VITRIFY

Refers to being fired at a high temperature to a near vitrification and having relatively low absorption and high compressive strength

HARD-BURNED

Refers to being fired at a low temperature and having relatively high absorption and low compressive strength

SOFT-BURNED

Refers to having a moderate water absorption of slightly under 6%

SEMIVITREOUS

Refers to having a water absorption of greater than 7%

NONVITREOUS

What is a thermochemical bond between materials resulting from exposure to temperatures approaching the fusion point of the mixture?

CERAMIC BOND

Refers to resembling glass, as in transparency, hardness, brittleness, luster, or having low or no porosity

VITREOUS

Refers to the portion of a ceramic article or the clay material or mixture from which it is made

BODY

Refers to being fired to harden a clay body

BISQUE-FIRED

Refers to earthenware or porcelain that has been fired once but not glazed

BISQUE or BISCUIT

Refers to being fired to fuse a glaze to a clay body

GLAZE-FIRED

What is a vitreous layer or coating fused to a clay body to color, decorate, waterproof, or strengthen its surface?

GLAZE

Refers to a fused or partially fused material that is ground to introduce a soluble or unstable ingredient into glazes or enamel

FRIT

What is any of various fired clay tiles used for surfacing walls, floors, and countertops?

CERAMIC TILE

What is a ceramic tile having a nonvitreous body and a bright, matte, or crystalline glaze, used for surfacing interior walls and light-duty floors?

GLAZED WALL TILE

What is an unglazed ceramic floor tile having a natural clay body?

QUARRY TILE Also, PROMENADE TILE

What is an unglazed ceramic floor tile similar in composition to ceramic mosaic tile but thicker and larger in surface area?

PAVER TILE

What is any of the ceramic or nonceramic articles designed to be affixed to or inserted in tile work, such as tower bars, soap holders, and the like?

TILE ACCESSORY

What is a small ceramic tile having a porcelain or natural clay body, glazed for surfacing walls, or unglazed for use on both floors and walls and usually face or back-mounted on sheets to facilitate handling and speed installation?

CERAMIC MOSAIC TILE

What do you call a tile-setting process in which ceramic tile is applied over a portland cement mortar bed 3/4 to 1 1/2 in. (19 to 38mm) thick, which allows for accurate slopes and planes in the finished work?

THICK-SET PROCESS

What is a tile-setting process in which ceramic tile is bonded to a continuous, stable backing with a thin coat of dry-set mortar, latex-portland cement mortar epoxy mortar , or an organic adhesive, 1/32 to 1/8 in. (10.8 to 3.2 mm) thick?

THIN-BED PROCESS

CERAMIC MOSAIC TILE

What is a field mix of portland cement, sand, water, and sometimes hydrated lime, used for leveling or setting ceramic tile in the thick-set process?

PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR

What is a thin wat of mortar for bonding ceramic tile to a backing?

BOND COAT

What is a cementitious or resinous mix for filling joints in ceramic tile work?

TILE GROUT

What is a hollow tile of fired clay having parallel cells or cores, used in building walls and partitions?

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE

What is a structural clay tile having a glazed surface, used for facing walls, and partitions, esp. in areas subject to heavy wear, moisture, and strict sanitation requirements?

STRUCTURAL FACING TILE

Refers to any of various cellular building units of fired clay, concrete, or gypsum, used for building walls, floors, and roofs, or for fireproofing steelwork

HOLLOW TILE

What is a hard, fired clay, reddish-brown in color when unglazed, used for architectural facings and ornaments, pile units, and pottery?

TERRA COTTA

What is a hard-burned, glazed or unglazed terra cotta, hand-molded or machine-extruded to order as a ceramic veneer for walls or for ornamentation?

ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA

What is a stiff mixture of clay, sand or other aggregate, and water, compressed and dried within forms as a wall construction?

RAMMED EARTH also, PISÉ, PISAY, PISÉ DE TERRE

What is a sun-dried brick made of clay and straw, commonly used in regions with little rainfall?

ADOBE

What is any of various specially shaped ceramic tiles for finishing an edge or angle?

TRIMMER

What is a coved tile set at the meeting of a floor and wall to prevent accumulation of dirt and to facilitate cleaning?

SANITARY BASE

What is the religion founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ, including the catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches?

CHRISTIANITY

What is an early Christian church, characterized by a long, rectangular plan, a high colonnaded have lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof, two or four lower side aisles, a semicircular apse at the end, a narthex, and often other features, such as an atrium, a bema, and a small circular apse terminating the aisles?

BASILICA

What is a forecourt of an early Christian Church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes?

ATRIUM

What is the covered walk of an atrium or cloister of an early Christian basilica?

AMBULATORY

What is the basin for ritual cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian basilica?

CANTHARUS

What do you call a building for public Christian worship?

CHURCH

What is a portico or vestibule before the nave of an early Christian or Byzantine church, occupied by those not yet christened?

NARTHEX

What is an inner narthex when two are present of an early Christian basilica?

ESONARTHEX

What is a covered walk or outer narthex situated before an inner narthex?

EXONARTHEX

What is the principal or central part of a church, extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles?

NAVE

What is any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by a row of columns or piers?

AISLE

What is a semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually vaulted and used esp. at the sanctuary or east end of a church?

APSE or APSIS

What is a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of an early Christian Church, developing into the transept of later cruciform churches?

BEMA

What is the bishop’s throne, occupying a recess or apse in an early Christian church?

TRIBUNE

What is a sacred or holy place, as that part of a church in which the principal altar is placed?

SANCTUARY

What is the ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently placed over the altar in a church?

BALDACHIN Also, BALDACHINO / BALDAQUIN / CIBORIUM

What is either of two raised stands from which the Gospels or Epistles were read or chanted in an early Christian church?

AMBO Also, AMBON

What is a part of church or a separate building in which baptism is administered?

BAPTISTERY Also, BAPTISTRY

What is the basin, usually of stone, holding the water used in baptism?

FONT

What is the table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist, the sacrament celebrating Christ’s Last Supper, is celebrated?

ALTAR Also, COMMUNION TABLE

What is the representation of a sacred Christian personage, such as Christ or a saint or angel, typically painted on a wood surface and itself venerated as being sacred, esp. in the tradition of the Eastern Church?

ICON

What is a screen or partition on which icons are placed, separating the bema from the nave of an Eastern church?

ICONOSTASIS Also, ICONOSTAS

What is a large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church?

EXEDRA Also, EXHEDRA

What is the monumental western front of a Romanesque church, treated as a tower or towers containing a low entrance hall below and a chapel open to the nave above?

WESTWORK

What is the major transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the main axis at a right angle between the nave and choir?

TRANSEPT

What is the intersection of the nave and transept in a cruciform church?

CROSSING

What is a tall, acutely tapering pyramidal structure surmounting a steeple or tower?

SPIRE

What is a tall ornamental structure, usually ending in a spire and surmounting the tower of a church or other public bldg?

STEEPLE

What is a bulbous, domelike roof terminating in a sharp point, used esp. in Russian Orthodox church architecture to I cover a cupola or tower?

ONION DOME

What is a rose window having distinctly radiating mullions or bars?

WHEEL WINDOW Also, CATHERINE WHEEL / MARIGOLD

What is the space between an arch and the horizontal head of a door or window below, often decorated with sculpture?

TYMPANUM

What is a column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center?

TRUMEAU

what is a canopied recess for a religious image or icon?

TABERNACLE

What is a roofed promenade, esp. one extending inside or outside along the exterior wall of a bldg?

GALLERY

What do you call the bell tower, usually one near but not attached to the body of a church?

CAMPANILE

What is the indigenous Scandinavian church of the 12th and 13th centuries, having a timber frame, plank walls, a tiered, steeply pitched roof, and few windows?

STAVE CHURCH

What do you call the dwelling place of a hermit, more generally, a secluded place of residence or habitation for a religious person or group?

HERMITAGE

What is a gallery or upper level in a church or hall?

LOFT

What is an arcade, esp. a blind one, composed of arches resting on alternate supports and overlapping in series where they cross?

INTERLACING ARCADE Also, INTERSECTING ARCADE

What is a series of arches superimposed on a wall for decoration?

BLIND ARCADE Also, ARCATURE

What is a series of arches supported on piers or columns?

ARCADE

What is a term used in describing the arched or vaulted structure of a Romanesque church or Gothic cathedral, as distinguished from the trabeated architecture of an Egyptian hypostyle hall or Greek Doric temple? Also means “curved or arched like a bow”

ARCUATE

What is a pier or pilaster projecting from a wall as a support for an arch or lintel, esp. at the termination of an arcade or colonnade?

RESPOND

What is a thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch?

DOSSERET Also, IMPOST BLOCK

What is a slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof, esp. one above the crossing of a Gothic church?

FLÉCHE

What is the principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop’s throne called the cathedra?

CATHEDRAL

What do you call the bishop’s throne?

CATHEDRA

What is a church or other edifice erected over the tomb of a martyr?

MARTYRIUM

What is a typical Byzantine church plan having nine bays, the center of which is a large square surmounted by a dome, the smaller square carers are domed or vaulted, and the rectangular side bays are barrel vaulted?

CROSS-IN-SQUARE

What do you call a relatively small, usually foliated ornament terminating the peak of a spire or pinnacle?

FINIAL

What is a projecting ornament, usually in the form of curved foliage, used esp. in Gothic Architecture to decorate the outer angles of pinnacles, spires, and gables?

CROCKET

What is a grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal, esp. one with an open mouth that serves as a sport and projects from a gutter to throw rainwater clear of a bldg?

GARGOYLE

What is a mazelike pattern inlaid in the pavement of a medieval church?

LABYRINTH

What is a chapel endowed for the saying of Masses and prayers for the souls of the founders or of persons named by them?

CHANTRY

What is the space about the altar of a church for the clergy and choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by a railing or screen?

CHANCEL

What is a separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer, meditation, or small religious services?

CHAPEL

What is a circular window, usually of stained glass and decorated with tracery symmetrical about the center?

ROSE WINDOW

What is the rounded east end of a Gothic cathedral, including the apse and ambulatory?

CHEVET

What is an aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a church?

AMBULATORY also, DEAMBULATORY

What do you call a glass colored or stained by having pigments baked onto its surface or by having various metallic oxides fused into it while in a molten state?

STAINED GLASS

What is an arcaded story in a church, between the nave arches and clerestory and corresponding to the space between the vaulting and the roof of an aisle ?

TRIFORIUM

What is an underground chamber or vault used as a burial place, esp. one beneath the main floor of a church?

CRYPT

What is a crucifix symbolizing the cross on which Christ was crucified, esp. a large one set above the entrance for the choir or chancel of a medieval church?

ROOD

What is a screen, often elaborately adored and properly surmounted by a rood, separating the chancel or choir from the nave of a medieval church?

ROOD SCREEN

What is a small porch used as a chapel for penitents at the west end of some medieval English churches?

GALILEE/GALILEE PORCH

What is a courtyard or quadrangle enclosed by a cloister?

GARTH / CLOISTER GARTH

What is a walk or passage, as along a cloister or behind the parapets of a castle?

ALURE/ALLURE

What is the part of a church occupied by the singers of a choir, usually part of the chancel?

CHOIR

what is a separate division behind the choir or high altar of a large church?

RETROCHOIR

What is a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, usually located behind the high altar of a cathedral at the extremity of the apse?

LADY CHAPEL

What do you call the main altar of a church?

HIGH ALTAR

What is an enclosed place, esp. the land surrounding or beside the cathedral?

What is the part of a church reserved for the officiating clergy?

PRESBYTERY

What is the covered passage, esp. one between the transept and chapter house of a cathedral?

SLYPE/SLIP

What is the place where the chapter of a cathedral or monastery meets, usually a bldg attached to or a hall forming part of the cathedral or monastery?

CHAPTER HOUSE

What is an assembly of the monks in a monastery, or the members of a religious house or order?

CHAPTER

What is a monastery under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institutions?

ABBEY

what is an atrium or cloister beside a church?

PARADISE

What is a covered walk having an arcade or colonnade on one side opening onto a courtyard?

CLOISTER

What is a covered place for walking, as around a cloister?

AMBULATORY

What do you call the sacrament of initiation into Christianity, symbolic of spiritual regeneration, marked by a ceremonial immersion or application of water?

BAPTISM

What do you call the bell tower, usually one near but not attached to the body of a church?

CAMPANILE

What is a rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support compressive loads applied at the member ends?

COLUMN

What is all upright, relatively slender shaft or structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a bldg support or standing alone as a monument?

PILLAR

What is a stiff vertical support, esp. a wooden column in timber framing?

POST

What do you call the critical point at which a column, carrying its critical buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected, the column is therefore in a state of neutral equilibrium?

BIFURCATION

What is the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load, which can occur well before the yield stress of the material is reached?

BUCKLING

What is the critical buckling load for a column divided by the area of its cross section?

CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS

what is the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unstable?

BUCKLING LOAD

What is the maximum axial load that can theoretically be applied to a column without causing it to buckle, which is inversely proportional to the square of its effective length, and directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity of the material and to the moment of inertia of the cross section?

CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD

What column is subject to failure by crushing rather than buckling?

SHORT COLUMN

what column has a mode of failure between that of a short column and a long column often partly inelastic by crushing and partly by blastic by buckling?

INTERMEDIATE COLUMN

what column is to object to failure by buckling rather than crushing?

LONG COLUMN

Refers to the ratio of the effective length of a column to its least radius of gyration

SLENDERNESS RATIO

Refers to the amount by which an axis deviates from another parallel axis

ECCENTRICITY

Refers to an additional moment developed in a structural member as it longitudinal axis deviates from the line of action of a compressive force, equal to the product of the load and the member deflection at any point

P-DELTA EFFECT

Refers to the proposition that a compressive load should be located within the middle third of a horizontal section of a column or wall to prevent tensile stresses from developing in the section

MIDDLE-THIRD RULE

Refers to a set of tensive and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axial and bending stresses at a cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction and equal to at any point to their algebraic sum

COMBINED STRESSES

Refers to the distance between inflection points in a column subject to buckling. This determines its critical buckling load. When this portion buckles, the entire column fails

EFFECTIVE LENGTH

Refers to the coefficient for modifying the actual length of a column according to its end conditions in order to determine its effective length

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR

Refers to a point on either side of the centroidal axis of a horizontal column or wall section defining the limits of the kern area

KERN POINT

Refers to the distance between the points at which a structural member is braced against buckling in a direction normal to its length

UNBRACED LENGTH

Refers to the bracing of a column or other compression member to reduce its effective length. It is most effective when the pattern occurs in more than one plane

LATERAL BRACING

Refers to the central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall within which the resultant of all compressive loads must pass if only compressive stresses are to be present in the section. A compressive load applied beyond this area will cause tensile stresses to develop in the section

KERN

What is the field of computer science that studies methods and techniques for creating, representing, and manipulating image data by computer technology, the digital images so produced

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Refers to the radial distance from any axis to a point at which the mass of a body could be concentrated without altering the moment of inertia of the body about that axis

RADIUS OF GIRATION

what is a data structure representing a generally square dr rectangular grid of pixels?

BITMAP

what is a digital image that consists of a grid of closely spaced pixels, and are resolution-dependent?

RASTER IMAGE/BITMAP IMAGE

what is a contraction of binary + digit: a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values, such as the binary digits, 0 and 1, or logical values, such as true/false, yes/no, or on/off?

BIT

What is a contraction of picture + element: the smallest addressable area of illumination on a display screen?

PIXEL

What is the number of bits available for representing the color of a single pixel in a raster or bitmapped image; the more bits per pixel, the more colors can be displayed?

BIT DEPTH/COLOR DEPTH

What is a digital image created and defined by mathematically based software routines for such geometric primitives as points, straight lines, curves, and shapes, and from which more complex graphic elements can be created?

VECTOR IMAGE

Refers to any of a class of mathematically derived curves developed by French engineer Pierre Bézier for CAD/CAM operations

BÉZIER CURVE

What is a color model in which white is the additive combination of the three primary colored lights--red, green, and blue --and black is the absence of light?

RGB COLOR MODEL

Refers to the degree of detail visible in a printed image or an image displayed on a computer monitor, it depends not only on how it was created but also on its physical size and the distance from which we view it

RESOLUTION

Refers to the resolution at which the charge-coupled device (CCD) or other sensor of a scanner samples an original, usually expressed in samples per inch (SPI). Manufacturers often use dots per inch (DPI) in lieu of SPI in specifying the resolution capability of their scanners, but technically there are no clots in the scanned image until it is printed

SCANNER RESOLUTION

Refers to the resolution at which a computer monitor displays an image, which may be specified by the number of pixels per inch (PPI) that can be displayed in each direction, or by the number of columns and rows of PPI creating the display

DISPLAY RESOLUTION

Refers to the resolution at which the electronic sensor of a digital camera captures an image, expressed in megapixels or how many millions of pixels it can record in a single image

CAMERA RESOLUTION

Refers to the resolution at which an imagesetter, laser printer, or other printing device can produce text and graphics, usually measured in dots of ink or toner per inch (DPI)

PRINT RESOLUTION

What is the acronym for the four colored inks used in the printing process -- cyan, magenta, yellow, and black?

CMYK

What is a color model in which the four colored inks used in color printing -- cyan, magenta, yellow, and black--subtract brightness from the typically white background of the paper, with black resulting from the full combination of colored inks?

CMYK COLOR MODEL

Refers to the use of computer technology in the design of real or virtual objects and environments. The term includes a variety of software and hardware technologies, from the vector-based drawing and drafting of lines and figures in two-dimensional space to the modelling and animation of surfaces and solids in the three-dimensional space

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

Refers to the use of computer technology and mathematical algorithms to create abstract models of systems and processes to simulate their behavior

COMPUTER MODELLING

Refers to computer modelling that represents the geometric structure of a three-dimensional object or building by defining its surfaces rather than its interior volume, usually with polygons consisting of vertices, edges, and faces, creating a polygon mesh that can be edited by subdividing, trimming, intersecting, stretching, or projecting

SURFACE MODELLING

Refers to computer modelling that represents the form of a three-dimensional object or building by specifying the vertices and edges of all mathematically continuous surfaces, including opposite sides and all internal components normally hidden from view

WIREFRAME MODELLING

Refers to computer modelling that represents both the geometric structure and the interior volume of a three-dimensional object or building

SOLID MODELLING

Refers to computer modelling that uses rules and constraints to a fine and represent the attributes and behaviors of a three-dimensional object or building to maintain consistent relationships and interactions among its elements and components

PARAMETRIC MODELING Also, FEATURE-BASED MODELING

A term coined by Greg Lynn to describe experiments with indeterminate forms in digital design. Now, an often derogating term for any bldg having irregularly curved and rounded shapes and forms

BLOBITECTURE

Refers to any number of operations based on Boolean logic and used in computer modeling to form more complex objects from a set of primitives, such as the cube, cylinder, sphere, pyramid or come

BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

What is an additive process that combines two or more individual and separate solids into a single new solid that consists of both the common and uncommon volumes of the selected solids?

BOOLEAN UNION

What is a subtractive process that removes or carves out the common volume from either one of the other of the selected solids?

BOOLEAN DIFFERENCE

What is a process that creates a new solid based on the common volume shared by two or more selected solids?

BOOLEAN INTERSECTION

Refers to a digital technology for creating, managing, coordinating, and optimizing building data, using a database of project info and three-dimensional, dynamic modeling software to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of building info, including bldg geometry, spatial relationships, lighting analysis, geographic info, and quantities and properties of bldg materials and components

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the fourth dimension of time to visualize the construction sequence and identify scheduling constraints, conflicts, and opportunities for optimization

4D MODELING

Refers to BIM modeling that integrates three-dimensional CAD drawings with the dimensions of time and cost data to visually link design and scheduling with pricing and budgeting for equipment, labor, and materials

5D MODELING

Refers to the computer modeling of a natural, human, or engineering system to predict and evaluate its behavior and performance, esp. when too complex for conventional analytic solutions

COMPUTER SIMULATION

What is a digital technique for analyzing the three-dimensional geometry of forms and determining the illumination and shading of surfaces based on their orientation to an assumed light source; however it does not take into account the way light travels after intersecting a surface and therefore cannot accurately render reflections, refractions, or the natural fall off of shadows?

RAY CASTING

Refers to any of a range of digital techniques for modeling and simulating the lighting of three-dimensional forms and spaces

DIGITAL LIGHTING

What is the basic level of ray tracing that is limited to direct illumination and ambient light rays, does not take into account the diffuse inter-reflection of light among the surfaces in a three-dimensional space or scene?

LOCAL ILLUMINATION

what is a computationally intensive digital technique that uses sophisticated algorithms to more accurately simulate the illumination of a space or scene by taking into account not only the light rays that are emitted directly from one or more sources but also tracking the light rays as they are reflected or refracted from one surface to another, esp. the diffuse inter-reflections that occur among the surfaces in a space or scene?

GLOBAL ILLUMINATION

Refers to a global illumination technique for simulating the optical effects of illumination, executed by tracing the path a ray light travels from its source to a surface that interrupts its progress, where it may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted in one or more directions, depending on the material, color, and texture of the surface

RAY TRACING

What is a global illumination algorithm for rendering all the luminous energy emitted and reflected from the diffuse surfaces in a scene, based on a detailed analysis of the rate of transfer of radiant energy between the surfaces?

RADIOSITY

What is a computer-driven rapid prototyping process using a printer to build a physical model directly from 3D CAD data?

3D PRINTING

What is the use of computer technology to control the operations of a manufacturing plant, esp. the control of machine tools?

COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM)

What is any of various techniques for fabricating physical objects using the data from a CAD drawing or virtual 30 model and additive manufacturing technology to lay down successive layers of liquid, powder, or sheet material, which are glued or fused together to create the final physical model?

RAPID PROTOTYPING

What is an additive manufacturing technology for producing physical objects or models, using a vat of liquid UV-curable photopolymer resin and a UV laser to fabricate the designed object a single thin layer at a time?

STEREOLITHOGRAPHY

What is the use of 3D modeling software and a CNC router, a laser cutter, or a Z plotter to fabricate a physical object or component?

DIGITAL FABRICATION

What is a machine or tool or other powered mechanical device driven and controlled by a computer program to fabricate components, esp. by the milling of plywood and other sheet materials?

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC) ROUTER

What is a machine that uses a computer-controlled laser to cut, bore, or engrave such sheet materials as paperboard, basswood, and plexiglass?

LASER CUTTER

What is a computer-controlled machine that uses additive manufacturing technology to fabricate a plot of three-dimensional data?

Z PLOTTER

What is an artificial, stonelike bldg material made by mixing cement and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire masss?

CONCRETE

What is a naturally occuring clay limestone that when calcined and finely pulverized, produces a hydraulic cement?

NATURAL CEMENT

What is a siliceous material, such as fly ash, that reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of moisture to form a slow hardening cement, named after a natural cement from Pozzuoli, an ancient Roman town near Vesuvius?

POZZOLAN / POZZOLONA / POZZUOLANA

A term refering to containing silica or silicate

SILICEOUS

what is a fine particle of ash recovered from the waste gases of a solid-fuel furnace?

FLY ASH

What is a calcined mixture of clay and Iimestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar?

CEMENT

What compound constitutes about half the volume of portland cement and responsible for the hardening or early gain in of strength of the cement?

TRICALCIUM SILICATE

What compound constitutes about one-quarter of the volume of portland cement and responsible for the aging or long-term gain in strength of the cement?

DICALCIUM SILICATE

What compound constitutes about one-tenth of the volume of Portland cement and responsible for the initial setting of the cement?

TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE

What hydraulic cement is made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into a very fine powder, named for its resemblance to a limestone quarried on the Isle of Portland, England?

PORTLAND CEMENT

Refers to a cement capable of setting and hardening by a reaction with water

HYDRAULIC CEMENT

What type of Portland cement is used for general construction having none of the distinguishing qualities of the other types?

TYPE I: NORMAL

What type of Portland cement has a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate making it more resistant to sulfates and causing it to generate less heat of hydration, used in general construction where resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat buildup can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers and heavy retaining wall?

TYPE II: MODERATE

What type of Portland cement has an increased content of tricalcium silicate causing it to cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland cement, used when the early removal of formwork is desired or in cold weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low temperatures?

TYPE III: HIGH EARLY STRENGTH

What type of Portland cement has a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an increased content of dicalcium silicate causing it to generate less heat of hydration than normal Portland cement, used in the construction of massive concrete structures such as gravity dams where a large buildup in heat can be damaging?

TYPE IV: LOW HEAT

What type of Portland cement has a reduced content of tricalcium aluminate lessening the need for gypsum, a sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time, used where resistance to severe sulfate action is required ?

TYPE V: SULFATE RESISTING

What type of Portland cement to which a small quantity of an air in training agent has been underground during manufacture designated by the suffix A: Type IA, Type llA, or Type IIIA?

AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENT

What type of Portland cement is produced from raw materials low in iron oxide and manganese oxide, the substances that give concrete its gray color, used in precast concrete work and in the making of terrazzo stucco and tile grout?

WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT

What do you call the expansive reaction occurring when the cement matrix of concrete or mortar comes in contact with sulfates dissolved in groundwater or in soil?

SULFATE ACTION

What is the water used in a concrete or mortar mix exclusive of any absorbed by the aggregate and free of such harmful substances as organic material clay and salts, fit for drinking is generally acceptable?

MIXING WATER

What is the mixture of cement and water for coating setting and binding the aggregate particles together in a concrete or mortar mix?

CEMENT PASTE

What is any various hard, inert, mineral materials such as sand and gravel added to a cement base to make concrete or mortar?

AGGREGATE

What type of aggregate consists of sand having a particle size smaller than 1/4 in?

FINE AGGREGATE

What type of aggregate consists of crushed stone gravel or blast furnace slag having a particle size larger than 1/4 in?

COARSE AGGREGATE

What aggregate has a particle-size distribution characterized by uniform grading and requires the least amount of cement base to fill the voids and surround the particles?

GRADED AGGREGATE

What is a substance other than cement, water, or aggregate added to a concrete or mortar mix to alter its properties or those of the hardened product?

ADMIXTURE

What is an admixture that disperses entrained air in a concrete or mortar mix to increase workability improve resistance of the cured product to the cracking induced by free thaw cycles or the scaling caused by deicing chemicals and in larger amounts to produce lightweight insulating concrete?

AIR-ENTRAINING AGENT

What is an admixture that hastens the setting and strength development of a concrete, mortar or plaster mix?

ACCELERATOR

What is an admixture that slows the setting of a concrete, mortar, or plaster mix in order to allow more time for placing and working the mix?

RETARDER

What is an ad mixture for reducing the surface tension of the mixing water in a concrete mix thereby facilitating the wetting and penetrating action of the water or aiding in the emulsifying and dispersion of other additives in the mix?

SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENT / SURFACTANT

What is an admixture for reducing the amount of mixing water required for the desired workability of a concrete or mortar mix, lowering the water-cement ratio in this manner generally results in increased strength?

WATER-REDUCING AGENT / SUPERPLASTICIZERS

What is the pigment or dye added to a concrete mix to alter or control its color?

COLORING AGENT

What is a strong lightweight aggregate obtained by the exfoliation of clay or shale?

EXPANDED SHALE/CLAY

What is a strong lightweight aggregate obtained by the exfoliation of slate?

EXPANDED SLATE

Refers to the splitting or swelling of certain minerals into a scaly aggregate when heated?

EXFOLIATION

What is a volcanic glass expanded by heat to form lightweight, spherical particles used as non-structural lightweight aggregate and as loose-fill thermal insulation?

PEARLITE/PERLITE

What is mica expanded by heat into very light, warm-like threads used as non-structural lightweight aggregate and as loose fill thermal insulation?

VERMICULITE

What is concrete made with aggregate of low specific gravity and weighing less than normal concrete which has a unit weight of about 150 pcf (2,400 kg/m3)

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

What is a concrete made with strong lightweight aggregate such as expanded shale Forest lake having a unit weight from 85 to 115 pcf (1362 to 1840 kg/m3) and compressive strength comparable to that of normal concrete?

STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

What is the lightweight concrete having a unit weight of less than 60 pcf (960 kg/m3) and low thermal conductivity made with lightweight aggregate such as perlite or with a foaming agent or gas-forming chemical that infuses the mix with a homogeneous cellular structure?

INSULATING CONCRETE

What is a law postulating that with given concrete materials, curing, and testing conditions the compressive strength of concrete is inversely proportional to the ratio of water to cement?

ABRAM’S LAW

How much is the quantity of cement per unit volume of concrete or mortar mix?

7%-15%

How much is a quantity of water per unit volume of concrete on mortar mix?

16%-21%

How much is the quantity of air in a concrete or mortar mix?

1%-3%

How much is the quantity of fine aggregate in a concrete or mortar mix?

25%-30%

How much is the quantity of coarse aggregate in a concrete or mortar mix?

31%-51%

What is a measure of the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete expressed as the vertical settling in inches of a specimen after it has been placed in a slump cone, tamped in a prescribed manner, and the cone is lifted?

SLUMP

What is the method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen?

SLUMP TEST

What is a concrete or mortar mix that flows sluggishly without segregating and is readily molded?

PLASTIC MIX

What is a concrete or mortar mix containing little water or too much aggregate in relation to the other components and having little or no slump?

DRY MIX / STIFF MIX

What is a concrete or mortar mix having a relatively high water content and runny consistency yielding a product that is low in strength, durability, and water tightness?

WET MIX

What is an open-ended truncated cone of sheet metal 12 in (305 mm) high with a base diameter of 8 in (203 mm) and the top diameter of 4 in (102 mm) used to mold a specimen of freshly mixed concrete for the slump test?

SLUMP CONE

What is the test for determining the compressive strength of a concrete batch using a hydraulic press to measure the maximum load a test cylinder can support in axial compression before fracturing?

COMPRESSION TEST

What is a cylinder of concrete 6 in (152mm) in diameter and 12 in (305 mm) high cast from a representative batch and cured in a laboratory or in the field under controlled conditions?

TEST CYLINDER

What is a compression test of a cylinder cut from a hardened concrete structure usually by means of a core drill?

CORE TEST

What is a temporary structure required to support newly placed concrete including the forms and all necessary supporting members, bracing, and hardware?

FORMWORK

What is boarding or sheeting of wood, metal, plastic, or fiberglass for containing and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting?

FORM

What is a material for lining the inside phase of a form especially selected to impart a smooth or pattern finish to the concrete surface?

FORM LINER

Refers to any of various materials such as oil or silicon for preventing the bonding of concrete to a surface

RELEASE AGENT / PARTING COMPOUND

What is a partition closing the end of a form or preventing the passage of newly placed concrete at a construction joint?

BULKHEAD

What is a longitudinal groove or channel formed in a concrete footing or other member that has set providing a she resisting key for newly placed concrete?

KEYWAY

What is a clamping device for keeping column forms or the tops of wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete?

YOKE

What is a brace usually of wood for spacing and keeping wall or footing forms apart?

SPREADER / SPACER

What is a horizontal timber or still beam for reinforcing various vertical members as in form work or sheet piling or for retaining earth at the edge of an embankment?

WALER / BREAST / TIMBER / RANGER / WALE

What is a vertical support for aligning and reinforcing walers?

STRONGBACK/STIFFBACK

What is a strip of wood or other material attached to a form to produce a smooth, rounded or beveled edge on the outside corner of a concrete member?

CHAMFER STRIP

What is a strip of wood or other material attached to the inside face of a form to produce a groove in the surface of a concrete member?

RUSTICATION STRIP

What is any of a variety of slotted devices for tightening formwork and transferring the force in a form tie to the walers?

WEDGE

What is a wood strip fixed to the inside face of a form to indicate the top of a concrete lift?

GRADE STRIP

What is any of a variety of slotted devices for tightening formwork and transferring the force in a form tie to the walers?

WEDGE

What is a device for supporting and holding steel reinforcement in proper position before and during the placing of concrete?

CHAIR

what is a trademark for a brand of cylindrical column form made of impressed, resin-impregnated paper?

SONOTUBE

What is a tall chair for supporting top bars in a concrete beam or slab?

HIGH CHAIR

What is a wide chair for supporting and spacing bottom bars in a concrete beam or slab?

BOLSTER

What is a form tie having notches or crimps, which allow its bends to be snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping of the forms?

SNAP TIE

What is a metal tie for keeping wall forms from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly placed concrete?

FORM TIE

What is a form tie having cones at each end inside the forms, which allow it to also serve as a spreader?

CONE BOLT

What is a small, truncated cone of wood, steel, or plastic attached to a form tie to space and spread wall forms, leaving a neatly finished depression in the concrete surface to be filled or left exposed?

CONE

What is a form tie consisting of waler rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod; after stripping, the waler rods are removed while the inner rod remains in the concrete?

SHE BOLT

What is a form that can be raised vertically for succeeding lifts of concrete during the construction of a multistory building?

CLIMBING FORM

What is the height of a quantity of concrete placed in a form at one time?

LIFT

What is a form that can be moved slowly and continuously as concrete is being placed during the construction of a concrete pavement or bldg?

SLIP FORM

What is a large form that can be moved by a crane, used in constructing the concrete floors and roofs of multistory bldgs?

FLYING FORM

What is a concrete deposited, formed, and cured, and finished in its final position as part of a structure?

CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE / CAST-IN-SITU-CONCRETE

What is the period from first contact between mixing water and cement to completion of discharge of the freshly mixed concrete from a truck mixer?

TIME OF HALL

What is the process of depositing and consolidating freshly mixed concrete in a form or in the final position where it is to harden?

PLACEMENT

What is a truck equipped with a rotating drum to prevent segregation or loss of plasticity of the ready-mixed concrete being delivered to a construction site?

AGITATOR TRUCK

What is a truck equipped with a rotating drum and a separate water tank for mixing concrete en route to a construction site?

TRUCK MIXER

What concrete is mixed at a batch plant for delivery by an agitator truck to a construction site?

READY-MIXED CONCRETE

What concrete is partially mixed at a batch plant and then mixed more completely in a truck mixer en route to a construction site?

SHRINK-MIXED CONCRETE

What concrete is dry batched at a batch plant and mixed in a truck mixer en route to a construction site?

TRANSIT-MIXED CONCRETE

What machine has a revolving drum, often motor-driven, for mixing cement, aggregate, and water to produce concrete?

CONCRETE MIXER

What do you call the discharging of freshly mixed concrete directly into a form from a concrete mixer, buggy, or crane bucket?

DIRECT PLACEMENT

What is a cart, often motor-driven, for transporting heavy materials, such as freshly mixed concrete, for short distances at a construction site?

BUGGY

What do you call the descent for freshly mixed concrete into a form without the aid of a drop chute?

FREE FALL

What is a chute for containing and directing a falling stream of freshly mixed concrete so as not to cause segregation?

DROP CHUTE

What is an inclined trough or tube for conveying free-flowing materials to a lower level by gravity?

CHUTE

What is the process of eliminating voids other than entrained air within newly placed concrete and ensuring close contact of the concrete with form surfaces and embedded reinforcement?

CONSOLIDATION

What do you call the consolidation of newly placed concrete by the repeated insertions and withdrawals of a flat spadelike tool?

SPADING

What do you call the consolidation of newly placed concrete by the repeated insertions and withdrawals of a rod?

RODDING

What do you call the consolidation of newly placed concrete by the moderately high-frequency oscillations of a vibrator?

VIBRATION

What is an electric or pneumatic oscillating tool for agitating and consolidating newly placed concrete?

VIBRATOR

what do you call the separation of coarse aggregate from the mortar of water from the other ingredients of freshly mixed concrete, resulting from excessive horizontal movement or free fall of the mix, or from overvibration after placement?

SEGREGATION

What do you call the separation of an excessively wet or overvibrated concrete mix into horizontal, with increasingly lighter material migrating toward the top?

STRATIFICATION

What do you call the emergence of excess mixing water on the surface of newly placed concrete, caused by settlement of solids within the mass?

BLEEDING / WATER GAIN

What do you call a milky deposit containing cement and aggregate fines on the surface of new concrete I caused by the bleeding of excess mixing water, overworking of the mix, or improper finishing?

LAITANCE

What is the process of leveling, smoothing, compacting, and treating a newly placed to concrete surface to produce the desired texture and appearance?

FINISHING

What is a wooden or metal straightedge drawn over a newly placed concrete slab to bring it to proper level?

SCREED

What is a long wooden or metal straightedge for smoothing a fresh concrete surface immediately after screeding?

DARBY

What is a flat tool for spreading and smoothing a fresh concrete, stucco, or plaster surface?

FLOAT

What is a float having a large, flat blade attached to a long handle?

BULL FLOAT

What is an exposed concrete work requiring special care in the selection of materials, forming, placing, and finishing to acquire the desired appearance?

ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE

What is a colored finish produced by sprinkling a dry mixture of cement, sand, and pigment on a fresh concrete surface following screeding and after any free water has evaporated, and then working the mixture into the surface with a float?

DRY-SHAKE FINISH

What is a decorative finish produced by sandblasting, etching with an acid, or scrubbing a concrete surface after the initial set in order to remove the outer layer of cement paste and expose the aggregate?

EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH

What is a striated finish obtained by stroking a broom or stiff brush over a freshly troweled concrete surface?

BROOM FINISH

What is a textured finish given to a fresh plaster or concrete surface by troweling with a circular, overlapping motion?

SWIRL FINISH

what is a coarse-textured finish obtained by fracturing a concrete or stone surface with a power-driven hammer having a rectangular head with a corrugated, serrated, or toothed face?

BUSHHAMMERED FINISH

What is a dense, smooth finish obtained by working a fresh concrete or plaster surface with a steel trowel?

TROWEL FINISH

what is a fine-textured finish obtained by smoothing a fresh concrete, plaster, or studio surface with a wood float?

FLOAT FINISH

What is a flat-bladed hand tool for applying, spreading, working, or smoothing plastic material, such as concrete, mortar, and plaster?

TROWEL

What is a portable machine having steel trowels mounted on radial arms that rotate about a vertical shaft to smooth, compact, and finish a fresh concrete surface?

POWER TROWEL

What is a wheel-mounted, rotary power saw equipped with a silicon-carbide or diamond blade for cutting a control joint in a hardened concrete slab?

PAVEMENT SAW

What is a trowel having a long, curved lip for rounding the edges of a fresh concrete slab as it begins to set?

EDGER

A term used to refer to the assumption of a rigid or hard state by concrete, mortar, plaster, or glue due to a physical or chemical change

SET

A term used to refer to maintaining newly placed concrete or mortar at the required temperature and humidity for the first seven days following placement, casting, or finishing to ensure satisfactory on hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening

CURE

What do you call the heat generated by the process of hydration as during the setting and curing of a concrete mix?

HEAT OF HYDRATION

What is the process in which a substance combines chemically with water as that occuring when cement is mixed with water?

HYDRATION

What are the voids on a formed concrete surface, caused by segregation during placement or by insufficient consolidation?

HONEYCOMB

What is the chipping or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry surface caused by freeze-thaw cycles or the application of deicing salts?

SPALLING

What are the numerous hairlike cracks occurring in the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab as a result of rapid drying shrinkage?

CRAZING

what is a reduction in volume of concrete, mortar, or plaster caused by loss of moisture?

DRYING SHRINKAGE

What is a reduction in volume of concrete prior to its final set, caused by hydration of the cement paste?

SETTING SHRINKAGE

Refers to the art, science, or business of building

CONSTRUCTION

Refers to the person who engages in the profession of architecture, usually trained and experienced in the design and construction of buildings

ARCHITECT

Refers to the person trained, skilled, or professionally engaged in any of various branches of engineering

ENGINEER

Refers to the person or organization hired to give professional or expert advice regarding a specific aspect of a project, such as acoustics or lighting

CONSULTANT

Refers to the person or organization that contracts to provide the materials and perform the work for a construction project at a specified time and rate

CONTRACTOR

Refers to the person on organization that contracts directly with an owner to manage and supervise a construction project, including the work performed by subcontractors

GENERAL CONTRACTOR

Refers to the person or organization that contracts with a can general contractor to provide a portion of the work on a construction project

SUBCONTRACTOR

Refers to the person or organization having the legal right or title to a piece of property, usually the architect’s client and party to the owner-architect agreement

OWNER

Refers to the person or organization that invests in and develops the potentialities of real estate, esp. by initiating and implementing bldg projects for ownership, management, or resale

DEVELOPER

Refers to the institution, usually a commercial bank, providing the long-term financing for a construction project

LENDING INSTITUTION

A term used to refer to legally certified by a governmental or other constituted authority to engage in a business or profession in the state or jurisdiction in which a project is to be constructed

LICENSED / REGISTERED

A term referring to the insuring of property, life, or one’s person against loss or harm arising in specified contingencies in consideration of a payment proportionate to the risk involved

INSURANCE

A term referring to having a monetary commitment set aside to ensure that all obligations set forth in a contract are fulfilled

BONDED

Refers to the person or organization that contracts with an owner to advise on and coordinate all phases of a bldg project, from evaluating the construction cost and feasibility of design decisions to managing the bldg, award, and construction phases of the project

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

Refers to a person or organization that develops and constructs bldgs for subsequent sale or Iease

SPECULATIVE BUILDER

A term pertaining to an arrangement under which a person or organization contracts directly with an owner to design and construct a bldg or project

DESIGN-BUILD

A term pertaining to an arrangement under which a person or organization designs and constructs a bldg for sale or lease when ready for occupancy

TURN-KEY

Refers to install the highest structural member in a construction or complete the uppermost course in a masonry wall

TOP OUT

what is the process of bldg from site preparation through erection, assembly, and finishing operations?

CONSTRUCTION

What is a temporary structure or platform for supporting workers and materials at a height above the floor or ground during the construction or repair of a bldg ?

SCAFFOLD / STAGING

what is the temporary framework for supporting a structure under construction that is not yet capable of supporting itself?

FALSEWORK

What is a detailed investigation and analysis conducted to determine the financial, technical, or other advisability of a proposed construction project?

FEASIBILITY STUDY

what is the competitive process of offering to perform the work described in a contract for a specified sum?

BIDDING

What is a legally enforceable agreement, usually in written form, between two or more parties to do or not to do something specified?

CONTRACT

What is a formal acceptance of a bid or a negotiated proposal?

AWARD

What is a written communication issued by an owner authorizing a contractor to proceed with the work and establishing the date of commencement of the work?

NOTICE TO PROCEED

What is a written authorization to proceed with construction of a bldg project in accordance with approved drawings and specifications, issued by the local gov agency having jurisdiction after plans have been filed and reviewed?

BUILDING PERMIT

What is a document issued by a bldg official certifying that all or a designated portion of a bldg complies with the provisions of the bida code, and permitting occupancy for its designated use?

CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY

What is the process of diagnosing the technical, functional and behavioral aspects of a completed bldg in order to accumulate information for future programming and design activities?

POSTOCCUPANCY EVALUATION

A term pertaining to project scheduling in which the design and construction phases of a bldg project overlap to compress the total time required for completion

FAST-TRACK

What is a method of planning, scheduling, and managing a project combining all relevant info into a flow chart, including the optimum sequence and duration of activities, the relative significance of each event, and the coordination required for timely completion of the project?

CRITICAL PATH METHOD

What is a construction process using a high degree of prefabrication in the manufacture of standardized units or components to speed assembly and erection bldg ?

SYSTEMS BUILDING/ INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING

A term referring to fabricate or manufacture beforehand, esp. in standardized units or components for quick assembly and erection

PREFABRICATE

What is a prefabricated section of a floor, wall, ceiling, or roof, handled as a single unit in the assembly and erection of a bldg?

PANEL

What is a structural panel consisting of a core of relatively light material enclosed between two sheets of a high-strength material, generally resulting in a high stiffness-to-weight ratio?

SANDWICH PANEL

What is a structural panel consisting of plywood facings glued to lumber stringers, used as floor, roof, or wall member subject to bending?

STRESSED-SKIN PANEL

What is a series of standardized, frequently interchangeable components used in assembling units of differing size, complexity, or function?

MODULE

What do you call correlating the dimensions of a structure and the unit sizes of its components, usually with the aid of a planning grid based on a 4-inch on 100 mm cubical module?

MODULAR COORDINATION

What is a technique in constructing multistory bldgs in which all horizontal slabs are cast at ground level and, when cured, are raised into my position by hydraulic jacks?

LIFT-SLAB CONSTRUCTION

what is a method of casting reinforced concrete wall panels on site in a horizontal position, then tilting them up into their final position?

TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION

What are the legal documents comprising a construction contract, including the owner-contractor agreement, conditions of the contract, and the construction drawings and specifications for the project, including all addenda, modifications, and any other items stipulated as being specifically included?

CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

What are drawings and specifications setting forth in detail the requirements for the construction of a project?

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS

What do you call the part of the contract documents consisting of a detailed description of the technical nature of the materials, standards, and quality of execution of the work to be placed under contract?

SPECIFICATIONS

What specification stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results?

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION

What specification refers to a standard specification to indicate the properties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performance of products?

REFERENCE SPECIFICATION

what specification stipulates the exact quantities and qualities of materials to be furnished and now they are to be assembled in a construction?

DESCRIPTIVE SPECIFICATION

what specification stipulates the use of specific products, systems, or processes without provision for substitution?

PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION

What is the classification of a bldg’s construction according to the fire resistance of its major components: structural frame, exterior bearing and nonbearing walls, interior wearing walls, floors and ceilings, roofs, and enclosures of fire exits and vertical shafts?

CONSTRUCTION TYPE / CONSTRUCTION CLASS

What is a code regulating the design, construction, alteration, and repair of bldgs, adopted and enforced by a local gov agency to protect the public safety, health, and welfare?

BUILDING CODE

What is an ordinance regulating the division of land into zones, so as to restrict the height, bulk, density, and use of bldgs, and the provision of such ancillary facilities as parking; a principal instrument in the implementation of a master plan?

ZONING ORDINANCE / ZONING CODE

What is a bldg code that sets minimum standards for energy conservation and the energy-efficient design of bldgs?

ENERGY CODE

What is an official permit to do something normally forbidden by regulations, esp. by bldg in a way or for a purpose normally forbidden by a bldg code or zoning ordinance?

VARIANCE

what is a noncombustible construction having a structure and major components with fire-resistance ratings at least equal to those specified by the appropriate authorities?

PROTECTED NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

What is a noncombustible construction having no fire-resistance requirements except for fire walls and enclosures of fire exits and vertical shafts?

UNPROTECTED NON COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

what is a construction type having noncombustible exterior walls and an interior structure of timbers and decking of specified minimum sizes without concealed spaces?

HEAVY-TIMBER CONSTRUCTION / MILL CONSTRUCTION

What is a construction type having noncombustible exterior walls and an interior structure wholly or partly of light framing?

ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION

what is a construction type primarily formed by a system of repetitive wood or light-gauge steel members and not meeting the requirements for heavy-timber construction?

LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

What is a light-frame construction having no fire-resistance requirements except for fine walls and enclosures of fire exits and vertical shafts?

UNPROTECTED LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

What is a light-frame construction having a structure and major components with fire-resistance ratings at least equal to those specified by the appropriate authorities?

PROTECTED LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION

what is the vertical distance from the finished surface of a floor to the finished surface of the next floor above?

STORY HEIGHT

What is a story having a finished floor surface above the grade plane, including the basement when the finished floor surface of the floor above the basement is more than 6 ft (1.8m) above the grade plane?

STORY ABOVE GRADE PLANE

What is the horizontal reference plane used in determining bldg ht and number of stories, calculated as the average of finished grades adjoining a bldg along its exterior walls?

GRADE PLANE

What is a retail complex containing a variety of stores, restaurants, entertainment facilities, and other business establishments housed in a series of connected or adjacent bldgs or ina single large bldg ?

MALL

What is a single bldg enclosing a number of tenants, such as retail stores, restaurants, and entertainment facilities, and having access to one or more malls?

COVERED MALL

what is planning and design utilizing prefabricated modules or modular coordination for ease of erection, flexible arrangement, or variety of use?

MODULAR DESIGN

What is a common seating area in a mall that serves adjacent food-preparation tenants?

FOOD COURT

What is an exterior bldg having direct access to a covered mall bldg but having its required means of egress independent of the mall?

ANCHOR BUILDING

What is a bldg code term for a roofed or covered pedestrian way within a covered mall building serving as access for a number of tenants and not exceeding three open levels in height?

MALL

What is a covenant with a clause that restricts the action of any party to it, such as an agreement among property owners specifying the use to which a property can be put; racial and religious restrictions are legally unenforceable?

RESTRICTIVE COVENANT

A term referring to construct by assembling diverse and usually standardized parts

FABRICATE

A term pertaining to a material, type of construction, or occupancy or use not complying with the requirements set forth in a bldg code or zoning ordinance

NONCONFORMING

what is a construction having a structure of steel, concrete, or masonry, and walls, floors and a roof of noncombustible materials?

NON COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

what is a construction that does not fulfill the requirements for noncombustible construction?

COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

what is an ordinary construction having no fire-resistance requirements for the interior structure except for fire walls and enclosures of fire exits and vertical shafts?

UNPROTECTED ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION

What is the area within the surrounding exterior walls of a bldg, excluding vent shafts and courts but including unbounded areas within the horizontal projection of the floor or roof above?

BUILDING AREA

What is the vertical distance from the grade plane to the average height of the highest roof surface?

BUILDING HEIGHT

what is an ordinary construction having a structure and major components with fire-resistance ratings at least equal to those specified by the appropriate authorities?

PROTECTED ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION

VISDIC: C Flashcards

(450 cards)