1
Q
Any of the various upright constructions presenting a continuous surface and serving to enclose, divide, or protect an area
A
WALL
2
Q
A wall capable of supporting an imposed load, as from a floor or roof of a bldg
A
LOAD-BEARING WALL/BEARING WALL
3
Q
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight
A
NON-LOAD-BEARING WALL/NONBEARING WALL
4
Q
A wall forming part of the envelope of a bldg, having one face exposed to the weather or to earth
A
EXTERIOR WALL
5
Q
Any wall within a bldg, entirely surrounded by exterior walls
A
INTERIOR WALL
6
Q
An interior wall dividing a room or part of a bldg into separate areas
A
PARTITION
7
Q
An interior wall carrying a structural load
A
LOAD-BEARING PARTITION/BEARING PARTITION
8
Q
An interior wall supporting no load other than its own weight
A
NON-LOAD-BEARING PARTITION/NON BEARING PARTITION
9
Q
A movable or fixed device, esp. a framed construction, designed to divide, conceal, or protect
A
SCREEN
10
Q
A partition capable of being moved to different locations
A
DEMOUNTABLE PARTITION/MOVABLE PARTITION
11
Q
a pilaster or similar feature projecting from a corner of a building
A
CANTON
12
Q
a shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital and a base and architecturally treated as a column
A
PILASTER
13
Q
a column built so as to be truly or seemingly bonded to the wall before which it stands
A
ENGAGED COLUMN
14
Q
a short wall perpendicular to the end of a longer wall
A
RETURN WALL
15
Q
a finishing or protective cap or course to an exterior wall usually sloped or curved to shed water
A
COPING
16
Q
a coping that slopes only in one direction
A
WEDGE COPING/SPLAYED COPING
17
Q
a coping that slopes to either side of a center ridge
A
SADDLEBACKED COPING/SADDLE COPING
18
Q
A low, protective wall at the edge of a terrace, balcony, or roof specially that part of an exterior wall, firewall, or party wall that rises above the roof
A
PARAPET
19
Q
a wall bearing or crowned by a gable
A
GABLE WALL
20
Q
a foundation wall that encloses a usable area under a building
A
BASEMENT WALL
21
Q
a wall used jointly by contiguous structures, erected upon a line dividing two parts of land, each of which is a separate real-estate entity
A
PARTY WALL
22
Q
a wall having no windows, doorways, or other openings
A
BLIND WALL
23
Q
a vertical support structure, such as a section of wall between two openings or one supporting the end of an arch or lintel
A
PIER
24
Q
an arch built above another structural member to relieve its load
A
RELIEVING ARCH/DISCHARGING ARCH
25
a beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening
LINTEL
26
a horizontal timber or stone set in a wall to receive and distribute the pressure of a girder or beam
TEMPLET/TEMPLATE
27
a wall or partition framed with studs and faced with sheathing, siding, wallboard, or plaster work
STUD PARTITION/STUD WALL
28
any of a repetitive series of slender, upright members of wood or light-gauge metal forming the structural frame of a wall or partition
STUD
29
any framing member that is shorter than usual, such as a stud above a door opening or below a window sill
CRIPPLE
30
The bottom horizontal member of a framed wall upon which a row of studs is erected
SHOE/SOLE / SOLEPIECE /SOLEPLATE
31
A wooden building frame having studs only one story high, regardless of the stories built, each story resting on the top plates of the story below or on the sill plates of the foundation wall
WESTERN FRAME / PLATFORM FRAME
32
a dwarf wall for supporting floor joists
PONY WALL
33
a wall less than a full story in height
DWARF WALL
34
a number of small wood pieces inserted to space, join/ or reinforce members of a building frame, fill the spaces between them, or provide a nailing surface for finish materials
BLOCKING
35
a horizontal member built into or laid along the top of a wall to support and distribute the load from joist or rafters
RAISING PLATE/WALL PLATE
36
any of various horizontal timbers laid flat across the heads of studding or upon floors to support joists, rafters, or studs at or near their ends
PLATE
37
The uppermost horizontal member of a framed wall in which joist or rafters rest
TOP PLATE
38
A house constructed with a skeletal framework of timber usually sheathed with siding or shingles
FRAME HOUSE
39
A diagonal brace left into studding to reinforce the corner of a frame structure
CORNER BRACE
40
an assembly of two or three studs spiked together at the intersection of two framed walls to provide a nailing surface for finish materials
CORNER POST
41
a narrow wood strip fixed to the corner of a framed partition to provide a nailing surface for finish materials
BACKING
42
a material or member built into a building frame to block a concealed hollow space through which a fire might spread from one part of the building to another
FIRESTOP
43
a piece attached to the face of a beam at the bottom as a support for the ends of a joists
LEDGER STRIP
44
a thin, horizontal board let into studding to carry the ends of joists
LEDGER/RIBBAND/RIBBON STRIP/RIBBON
45
A wooden building frame having studs that rise the full height of the frame from the sill plate to the roof plate, with joists nailed to the studs and supported by sills or by ribbons let into the studs
BALLOON FRAME
46
any of various rods or bolts embedded in masonry or concrete to hold secure or support a structural member
ANCHOR BOLT
47
A resilient fibrous material placed between a sill and a foundation wall to reduce air infiltration
SILL SEALER
48
sheet metal installed on top of foundation wall or around pipes to prevent the passage of termites
TERMITE SHIELD
49
a sill for a building frame, composed of a plate resting on a foundation wall and a joist or header at the outer edge of the plate, as well as the sole plate for studs resting either directly on the joist or on the rough flooring
BOX SILL
50
The lowest horizontal member of a frame structure, resting on and anchored to a foundation wall
MUDSILL/SILL PLATE/SILL
50
a sill for building frame, composed of a plate resting on a foundation wall and a joist or header on the outer edge of the plate
L SILL
51
a weatherproof material, such as shingles, boards, or units of sheet metal, used for surfacing the exterior walls of a frame building
SIDING
52
a small board or strip of wood used for various building purposes, such as covering joints between boards, supporting shingles or roofing tiles, or providing a base for lathing
BATTEN
53
a board against which siding is fitted at the corner of a frame structure
CORNER BOARD
54
siding consisting of white boards or plywood sheets set vertically with butt joints covered by battens
BOARD & BATTEN
55
A board or molding placed along the sloping sides of a table to cover the ends of the siding
RAKE
56
A rough covering of boards, plywood, or other panel materials applied to a frame structure to serve as a base for siding, flooring, or roofing
SHEATHING
57
sheathing capable of bracing the plane of a framed wall or roof
STRUCTURAL SHEATHING
58
a sheathing of boards applied diagonally for lateral strength
DIAGONAL SHEATHING
59
a structure of boards used for shaving or subflooring
BOARDING
60
any of various papers, felts, or similar sheet material used in construction to prevent the passage of air or moisture
BUILDING PAPER
61
siding consisting of matched boards applied vertically
VERTICAL SIDING
62
siding composed of plain, square-edged boards laid horizontally so that the upper overlaps the one below
COLONIAL SIDING
63
siding composed of tapered boards, such as clapboards, laid horizontally with the thicker lower edge of each board overlapping the thinner upper edge of the board below it
LAP SIDING/BEVEL SIDING
64
bevel siding rabbeted along the lower edge to receive the upper edge of the board below it
DOLLY VARDEN SIDING
65
a long, thin board with one edge thicker than the other, laid horizontally as bevel siding
CLAPBOARD
66
a flush, overlapping joint, such as a rabbet between two boards joined edge to edge
SHIPLAP
67
siding composed of boards narrowed along the upper edges to fit into rabbets or grooves in the lower edges, laid horizontally with their backs flat against the sheathing or studs of the wall
NOVELTY SIDING/RUSTIC SIDING/DROP SIDING
68
a distinct portion, section, or division of a wall, wainscot, ceiling, or door specially of any surface sunk below or raised above the surrounding area, or enclosed by a frame or border
PANEL
69
a facing of wood paneling, especially when covering the lower portion of an interior wall
WAINSCOT
70
a vertical member dividing the panels in wainscoting
MULLION
71
The lower portion of an interior wall when faced or treated differently from the upper section, as with paneling or wallpaper
DADO
72
a panel having a surface in the same plane as they surrounding frame
FLUSH PANEL
73
a panel having a center portion thicker than the edges or projecting about the surrounding frame
FIELDED PANEL/RAISED PANEL
74
a panel having a surface recessed below the surrounding frame or surface
SUNK PANEL
75
a bead that projects above or beyond the adjoining surfaces
COCK BEAD
76
a bead having its outer surface at the same level as the adjoining surfaces
FLUSH BEAD
77
a groove or acute angle dividing a bead or other molding from adjoining members or surfaces
QUIRK
78
A raised molding for framing a panel, doorway, or fireplace especially when the meeting surfaces are at different levels
BILECTION/BOLECTION
79
an exterior wall supported wholly by the structural frame of a building and carrying no loads other than its own weight and wind loads
CURTAIN WALL
80
A panellike area in a multi-story frame building, between the sill of a window on one level and the head of a window immediately below
SPANDREL
81
a horizontal member spanning between exterior columns to support wall sheathing or cladding
GIRT
82
a non-combustible material placed in an opening to prevent the passage of fire, as between a curtain wall and a spandrel beam
SAFING
83
a beam spanning between columns and supporting the outer edge of a floor or roof
SPANDREL BEAM
84
an assembly of material used behind a curtain wall to provide the required degree of fire resistance
BACKUP WALL
85
any of various metal devices used in curtain wall construction to secure a frame or panel to the building structure, usually allowing for adjustment in three dimensions
ANCHOR
86
a curtain wall system consisting of pre-assembled c framed wall units that may be pre-glazed or glazed after installation
UNIT SYSTEM
87
a curtain wall system consisting of preformed metal, cut stone, precast concrete, or panelized brick wall units, which may be pre-glazed or glazed after installation
PANEL SYSTEM
88
a curtain wall system in which vision-glass assemblies and spandrel units are supported by spandrel beams between exterior columns clad with cover sections
COLUMN-COVER-AND-SPANDREL SYSTEM
89
a curtain wall system in which tubular metal mullions and rails are assembled piece by piece on-site to frame vision glass and spandrel units
STICK SYSTEM
90
an opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass
SPANDREL GLASS
91
a curtain wall system in which one- or two-story-high mullions are installed before pre-assembled wall units are lowered into place behind the mullions
UNIT-AND-MULLION SYSTEM
92
a wall of treated timber, masonry, or concrete for holding in place a mass of Earth
BREAST WALL/RETAINING WALL
93
an additional or excessive load or burden, as that of the earth above the level of the top of a retaining wall
SURCHARGE
94
the forward, lower tip of the base of a footing or retaining wall, extended to give broader bearing and greater stability
TOE
95
a retaining wall of reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete masonry, cantileved and securely tied to a spread footing that is shaped to resist overturning and sliding
CANTILEVER WALL
96
a log, concrete block/ or similar mass buried in the ground as an anchor
DEADMAN
97
A triangular-shaped cross wall tying a concrete retaining wall to its base at regular intervals built on the side of the material to be retained in order to stiffen the vertical slab and add weight to the base
COUNTERFORT
98
a backward slope of the face of a wall as it rises
BATTER
99
A masonry or concrete retaining wall that resist overturning and sliding by the sheer weight and volume of its mass
GRAVITY WALL
100
a type of gravity retaining wall formed by stacking modular, interlocking precast concrete units and filling the voids with crushed stone or gravel
CELLULAR WALL/BIN WALL
101
a cellular framework of squared timbers, or steel or concrete members of similar form, assembled in layers at right angles, often filled with earth or stone and used in the construction of foundations and retaining walls
CRIB
102
a system of cribs for retaining earth or for a building being moved or having its foundation rebuilt
CRIBWORK/CRIBBING
103
a galvanized wire basket filled with stones and used in constructing an abutment or retaining structure
GABION
104
a layer of broken stones thrown together irregularly on an embankment slope to prevent erosion
RIPRAP
105
a facing of masonry or other suitable material for protecting an embankment against erosion
REVETMENT
106
a plant that prevents or inhibits erosion by providing a ground cover and forming a dense network of roots that hold the soil
SOIL BINDER
107
a retaining wall consisting of precast concrete panels fastened to long galvanized steel straps extending into a compacted soil backfill
EARTH TIEBACK WALL
108
the maximum slope, measured in degrees from the horizontal, at which loose solid material will remain in place without sliding
ANGLE OF REPOSE
109
the minimum slope, measured in degrees from the horizontal, at which loose solid material will begin to slide or flow
ANGLE OF SLIDE
110
a chemical admixture for maintaining or increasing the stability of a soil mass
SOIL STABILIZER
111
any opening in the wall of a building for admitting light and air, usually fitted with a frame in which are set of operable sashes containing things of glass
WINDOW
112
one of the divisions of a window or door, consisting of a single unit of glass
PANE
113
A pane of glass filling a window sash
WINDOWPANE
114
A rabbeted member for holding the edges of windowpanes within a sash
GLAZING BAR/SASH BAR/MUNTIN
115
A vertical member between the lights of a window
MULLION
116
A medium for admitting light, as one compartment of a window or window sash
DAY/LIGHT
117
the ornamental detail of a bldg, esp. the molded framework around door and window openings
DRESSINVE
118
the fixed frame of a window, consisting of two jambs, a head, and a sill
WINDOW FRAME
119
a manufactured assembly of a frame, sash, glazing, and necessary hardware, made to fit a window opening
WINDOW UNIT
120
The fixed or movable framework of a window or door in which panes of glass are set
SASH
121
A wood molding covering the gap between a doorframe or window frame and the masonry reveal into which the frame is set
STAFF BEAD/BRICK MOLDING
122
The flashing over a window opening or a projection in a masonry wall
HEAD FLASHING
123
any of various devices for shedding rainwater so as to keep it from running down a wall or falling onto the sill of an opening
DRIP
124
A projecting molding over an exterior door or window opening for catching and shedding rainwater
DRIP CAP
125
a molding surrounding the trim at the top and sides of a door or window
BACKBAND
126
The horizontal member at the base of a window opening, especially the ledge formed by such a member
WINDOWSILL
127
The upper surface of a building member, such as a windowsill or coping, sloped to shed rainwater
WEATHERING/WASH
128
a groove cut or formed on the underside of a sill or other exterior member to prevent the capillary flow of rainwater to a wall
CHECK THROAT
129
an additional sill fitted to a window frame to cause rainwater to drip farther away from a wall surface
SILL DRIP MOLDING/SUBSILL
130
A sill cut to fit between the jambs of a window or door opening
SLIP SILL
131
A sill extending beyond a window or door opening and built into the jambs
LUG SILL
132
That part of a jamb extending above the head of a door or window frame, or the horizontal extension of a window sill beyond the jamb
HORN
133
The interior sill of a window
STOOL
134
a flat piece of trim immediately beneath the stool of a window
SKIRT/APRON
135
The area of interior wall, usually paneled between the windowsill and the floor
BACK
136
a window having two vertically sliding sashes, each in separate grooves or tracks and closing a different part of the window
DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW
137
a vertically sliding window sash balanced by a counterweight or a pretension spring on each side so that it can be raised or lowered with relatively little effort
BALANCED SASH/HUNG SASH
138
the rail of each sash in a double-hung window that meets at the rail of the other when the window is closed
MEETING RAIL
139
a fastening on the meeting rail of one sash that swings across to the meeting rail of another sash and engages with a spur on it
SASH FASTENER/SASH FAST
140
a meeting rail, especially one closing against a corresponding rail with a diagonal or rabbeted overlap
CHECK RAIL
141
A meeting rail equal in thickness to the other members of the frame
PLAIN RAIL
142
a double hung window constructed with a pocket in the head, into which one or both sashes can pass to increase the opening available for ventilation
BOX-HEAD WINDOW
143
a window constructed with a pocket below the sill, into which a sash can slide to increase the opening available for ventilation
DROP WINDOW
144
a window having two or more sashes, of which at least one slides a long horizontal grooves or tracks
HORIZONTALLY SLIDING WINDOW
145
A sash that opens by moving horizontally along grooves or tracks at the top and bottom of the window frame
SLIDING SASH
146
A horizontal piece forming the top of a frame for a double-hung window
YOKE
147
a strip of molding along the inside of the window frame for holding a sliding sash, or against which a sash closes
SASH STOP/WINDOW STOP/STOP
148
a strip of molding along the inside of a window frame for holding a sliding sash
STOP BEAD
149
a strip of molding used in on each side of a frame of a double-hung window to keep the upper and lower sashes apart when raised or lowered
PARTING STRIP/PARTING BEAD
150
the rough casing of a box frame to which trim is secured
BLIND CASING
151
a window frame having hollow jambs or mullions for sash weights
BOX FRAME
152
a stile in a window frame against which a window sash slides
PULLEY STILE/HANGING STILE
153
a cylindrical casing of iron or lead used as a counterweight to balance a vertically sliding window sash
SASH WEIGHT
154
A rope or chain for connecting a vertically sliding window sash with a counterweight
SASH LINE
155
a strip of steel or aluminum alloy used in place of a sash cord to connect a vertically sliding window sash with a counterweight
SASH RIBBON
156
removable part of hanging stile permitting access to insert a sash weight or to replace the sash line
POCKET PIECE
157
a window having two sashes, of which only one is movable
SINGLE-HUNG WINDOW
158
a spring-loaded device used in place of sash weight to counterbalance a vertically sliding window sash
SPRING BALANCE / SASH BALANCE
159
a window or sash of a window that does not open for ventilation
FIXED SASH/FIXED LIGHT
160
a window having a sash that may be opened for ventilation
OPERABLE WINDOW
161
A window with at least one casement, often used in combination with fixed lights
CASEMENT WINDOW
162
A window sash on hinges generally attached to the upright side of its frame
CASEMENT
163
A pair of casements with rabbeted meeting stiles, hung in a frame having no mullion
FOLDING CASEMENT
164
the stile of a window frame from which a casement is hung
HANGING STILE
165
One of the abutting stiles in a pair of casements
MEETING STILE
166
A pair of casement windows extending to the floor and serving as a doorway, esp. from a room to an outside porch or terrace
FRENCH WINDOW
167
A vertical bolt used on a French window or the like, consisting of two rods moved by at a knob mechanism and extending into pockets in the head and sill of the opening to provide a secure fastening
CREMORNE BOLT
168
A railing or balustrade projecting slightly beyond the plane of a window and reaching to the floor, having the appearance of a balcony when the window is fully open
BALCONETTE / BALCONET
169
A window having one or more sashes swinging outward on hinges generally attached to the top of the frame
AWNING WINDOW
170
A casement or awning window in which the inner end of the sash slides along a track on the will or jamb as the sash swings outward
PROJECTED WINDOW
171
A window light hinged on the bottom and swinging inward
HOSPITAL LIGHT/HOPPER LIGHT
172
A window having one or more sashes swinging inward on hinges generally attached on the bottom
HOSPITAL WINDOW/HOPPER WINDOW
173
One of the triangular draft barriers on each side of a hopper light
HOPPER
174
A hinge for an outward-swinging casement window, located to allow cleaning from the inside when the window is open
EXTENSION CASEMENT HINGE
175
A bar for holding a casement in any of several open positions
CASEMENT STAY
176
A gearless device for operating a casement and holding it in an open position
LEVER OPERATOR
177
A handle that locks a hinged sash in a closed position by it wedging it against a keeper plate
LOCKING HANDLE / CAM HANDLE
178
A crank-driven worm drive for opening and closing awning windows, casement windows, and jalousies
ROTO OPERATOR
179
A small sliding or hinged portion of a larger screen providing access for operating a window sash
WICKET SCREEN
180
A window having a sash that rotates 90° or 180° about a vertical or horizontal axis at or near its center, used in air-conditioned multi-story or high rise buildings and operated only for cleaning, maintenance, or emergency ventilation
PIVOTED WINDOW
181
a window having horizontal glass or wood louvers that pivot simultaneously in a common frame, used primarily in mild climates to control ventilation and to cut off visibility from the outside
JALOUSIE WINDOW
182
a blind or shutter having horizontal slats that can be adjusted to admit light and air but exclude sun and rain
JALOUSIE
183
a large, usually fixed single-pane window, placed to frame an attractive exterior view
PICTURE WINDOW
184
a non-bearing wall composed primarily of vertical and horizontal framing members containing a combination of fixed lights and operating sashes
WINDOW WALL
185
A horizontal band of windows separated only by mullions
RIBBON WINDOW
186
a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior
CLERESTORY
187
a seat built into a recess of a window between the jambs
WINDOW SEAT
188
a window or series of windows projecting outward from the main wall of a building and forming a bay or alcove in a room within, specially one having its own foundation
BAY WINDOW
189
a bay window having canted sides
CANT BAY WINDOW
190
a bay window having a rounded projection
BOW WINDOW
191
a window opening in an interior partition allowing light to be transmitted from one space to another
BORROWED LIGHT
192
a windowlike opening in a wall or partition through which things may be passed, as between a kitchen and a dining room
PASS-THROUGH
193
a vertical window in a projection built out from a sloping roof
LUTHERN / DORMER WINDOW
194
a vertical window set below the line of a sloped roof
INTERNAL DORMER
195
a dormer window in a roof or spire
LUCARNE
196
a comparatively small round or oval window, as in a frieze or dormer
OEIL-DE-BOEUF/OXEYE
197
a window in or under a gable
GABLE WINDOW
198
a bay window supported from below by corbels or brackets
ORIEL
199
an oriel screened by lattice work through which the air may draw freely while the interior is concealed from view, found along the streets of Cairo and the other towns of the Levant
MASHREBEEYEH / MASHREBEEYAH/MESHREBEEYEH
200
a small window set low in the wall of a medieval church, permitting the interior to be seen from the outside
LOWSIDE WINDOW/ LYCHNOSCOPE
201
a projecting molding over the arch of a window or door, especially in interior work
HOOD MOLD
202
a window or doorway in the form of a round headed archway flanked on either side by narrower compartments, the side compartments being capped with entablatures on which the arch of the central compartment rests
SERLIAN MOTIF / VENETIAN MOTIF / PALLADIAN MOTIF
203
a small construction design in the form of a building, such as a niche or opening framed by columns or pilasters and crowned with a pediment to give importance to its contents
AEDICULA/EDICULE/AEDICULE
204
a box design to hold soil for growing plants at or on a window sill
WINDOW BOX
205
a frame holding a fine mesh of metal or fiberglass, placed in a window or doorway, or around a porch to admit air but exclude insects
SCREEN
206
a supplementary sash placed outside an existing window as additional protection against severe weather
STORM SASH/STORM WINDOW
207
a window equipped with interchangeable screen and glass sections for summer and winter use
COMBINATION WINDOW
208
ornamental work of branch-like lines, especially the lacy openwork in the upper part of a Gothic window
TRACERY
209
Early Gothic tracery formed by pierced slabs of stone set on edge, the design being in the shape and disposition of the openings
PERFORATED TRACERY/PLATE TRACERY
210
Gothic tracery that succeeded plate tracery consisting of molded stone mullions that divide into various branching elements that fill the window head
BAR TRACERY
211
Gothic tracery characterized by a pattern of geometric shapes such as circles and foils
GEOMETRIC TRACERY
212
a daggerlike motif found especially in Gothic tracery formed by elliptical and ogee curves
MOUCHETTE
213
Gothic tracery characterized by a pattern of irregular, boldly curved forms
FLOWING TRACERY/CURVILINEAR TRACERY
214
Gothic tracery consisting mainly of a netlike arrangement of repeated geometrical figures
NET TRACERY/RETICULATED TRACERY
215
A triangular light in a Gothic window formed by the arch of the window, an arch of a lower tier of tracery, and a million of an upper tier of tracery
ANGEL LIGHT
216
predominantly vertical Gothic tracery having mullions rising to the curve of the arch crossed at intervals by horizontal transoms
RECTILINEAR TRACERY/PERPENDICULAR TRACERY
217
any of several arcs or rounded spaces divided by cusps and tangent to the interior of a larger arc, as of an arch or circle
FOIL
218
ornamentation of an archway, window, or other opening with foils or representation of foliage
FOLIATION
219
A pointed projection formed by two intersecting arcs, used especially to vary the outlines of intradoses or to form foils
CUSP
220
an arrangement of three foils divided by cusps and radiating from a common center
TREFOIL
221
an ornament composed of four foils, divided by cusps and radiating from a common center
QUATREFOIL
222
a design composed of five foils, divided by cusps and radiating from a common center
CINQUEFOIL
223
having more than five foils
MULTIFOIL
224
a rooflike cover of canvas or other material extending in front of a doorway or window, or over a deck, to provide protection from the sun or rain
AWNING
225
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bar
WOOD
226
The tough, external covering of a woody stem, branch, or root, composed of a living inner layer called phloem and an outer bark of corky, dead tissue
BARK
227
a layer of tissue that carries food from the leaves to the growing parts of a tree
INNER BARK/PHLOEM
228
a thin layer of reproductive tissue between the phloem and xylem, which produces a new phloem on the outside and new xylem on the inside of stems, branches, and roots
CAMBIUM
229
The soft, central core about which first growth takes place in a newly formed stem
PITH
230
an organic substance that, with cellulose, forms of the woody cell walls of plants and the cementing material between them
LIGNIN
231
an inert carbohydrate that is the chief constituent of the cell walls of plants and of dried woods, jute, hemp, and cotton, used in the manufacture of a wide variety of synthetic building materials
CELLULOSE
232
The younger, softer, living portion of wood between the cambium and heartwood, comparable in strength to heartwood but usually lighter in color, more permeable, and less durable
ALBURNUM/SAPWOOD
233
The older, harder, inactive core of a tree, usually darker, denser, and more durable than the surrounding sapwood
DURAMEN/HEARTWOOD
234
a concentric layer of wood produce during a single year's growth of a temperate tree
GROWTH RING/ANNUAL RING
235
The softer, more porous portion of an annual ring that develops early in the growing season, characterized by large, thin-walled cells
EARLY WOOD/SPRINGWOOD
236
The harder, darker, less porous portion of an annual ring that develops late in the growing season, characterized by compact, thick-walled cells
LATE WOOD/SUMMERWOOD
237
The wood from a conifer; the term is not descriptive of the actual softness of the wood
SOFTWOOD
238
any of various predominantly evergreen cone-bearing trees, such as pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce
CONIFER
239
having foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year or through more than one growing season
EVERGREEN
240
a viscous, clear to translucent, organic substance exuded by certain pines, used in making varnishes, adhesives, and plastics
RESIN
241
a tubular, intercellular space in a woody stem that secretes resins, especially in conifers
RESIN CANAL/RESIN DUCT
242
the resinous sap that exudes from various conifers
PITCH
243
One of the elongated, supporting, and conductive cells in woody tissue, having tapering closed ends and lignified walls oriented parallel to the axis of a stem or branch
TRACHEID
244
a tubular structure of woody tissue for conducting water and mineral nutrients, formed by the fusion and loss of end walls in a series of connected cells
VESSEL
245
One of the vertical bands of transverse cells that radiate between pitch and bark for the storage and horizontal conduction of nutrients
RAY
246
One of the relatively large vertical cells for conducting sap, especially in hardwood trees
PORE
247
The vital fluid of water, nitrogen, and mineral nutrients that circulates through a plant
SAP
248
One of the slender, thick-walled cells that, together, serve to strengthen plant tissue
FIBER
249
The leaves and living branches of a tree
CROWN
250
The main stem of a tree apart from its branches and roots
TRUNK
251
The wood from a broad-leaved flowering tree such as cherry, maple, or oak; The term is not descriptive of the actual hardness of the wood
HARDWOOD
252
shedding leaves annually or at the end of a growing season; The term is descriptive of most hardwoods and a few softwoods
DECIDUOUS
253
the timber product manufactured by sawing, resawing, passing lengthwise through a planing machine, cross-cutting to length, and grading
LUMBER
254
of or pertaining to lumber seasoned in a kiln under controlled conditions of heat, air, circulation, and humidity
KILN-DRIED
255
of or pertaining to lumber that has been dried to reduce its moisture content and improve its serviceability
SEASONED
256
lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
DRESSED LUMBER
257
of or pertaining to lumber seasoned by exposure to the atmosphere
AIR-DRIED
258
lumber that is sawn, edged, and trimmed but not surfaced
ROUGH LUMBER
259
wood suitable for use as a building material
TIMBER
260
a length of a trunk or large limb of a felled tree, ready for sawing
LOG
261
the direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of the fibers in a piece of dressed wood
GRAIN
262
wood grain resulting from quartersawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of 45° or more with a broad faces of a piece
VERTICAL GRAIN/ EDGE GRAIN
263
wood grain resulting from plain-sawing, having the annual rings forming an angle of less than 45° with a broad faces of a piece
FLAT GRAIN
264
to saw quarter logs approximately at right angles to the annual rings
QUARTERSAW
265
to saw a squared log into words with evenly spaced parallel cuts
BASTARD-SAW/PLAIN SAW
266
a curvature across the width or face of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of the piece
CUP
267
any deviation from a plane or true surface of a board or panel, usually caused by an even drying during the seasoning process or by a change in moisture contempt
WARP
268
a curvature along the length of a wood piece measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the peace
BOW
269
a curvature along the edge of a wood piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight line drawn from end to end of the peice
CROOK
270
a warp resulting from the turning of the edges of a wood piece in opposite directions
TWIST
271
a separation along the grain of a wood piece, usually between the annual rings caused by stresses on a tree while standing or during felling
SHAKE
272
a well-defined opening between the annual rings of a softwood, containing or having once contained solid or liquid pitch
PITCH POCKET
273
a lengthwise separation of wood across the annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during the seasoning process
CHECK
274
The presence of bark or absence of wood at the corner or along an edge of a piece
WANE
275
a check that extends completely through a board or wood veneer
THROUGH CHECK/SPLIT
276
a surface charring caused by overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts during shaping or finishing of a material
MACHINE BURN
277
an area on the surface of a board or panel missed by a planing machine
SKIP
278
wood grain having the annual rings at an angle to the length of a piece, resulting from sawing at an angle to the axis of a log
DIAGONAL GRAIN
279
wood grain having the cells and fibers running transversely or diagonally to the length of a piece as a result of sawing, or irregularly as a result of a growth characteristic
CROSS GRAIN
280
wood grain characterized by wide, conspicuous annual rings with considerable contrast in pore size between springwood and summerwood
COARSE GRAIN
281
wood grain characterized by narrow, inconspicuous annual rings with little difference in pore size between springwood and summerwood
CLOSE GRAIN
282
wood grain having small, closely spaced pores
FINE TEXTURE
283
wood grain having large pores
OPEN GRAIN/COARSE TEXTURE
284
a knot having annual rings intergrown with those of the surrounding wood
INTERGROWN KNOT / LIVE KNOT
285
a dress wood surface having the denser summer wood rising above the softer springwood
RAISED GRAIN
286
a knot held firmly in place by growth or position
TIGHT KNOT
287
a knot that is solid across its face, at least as hard as the surrounding wood, and undecayed
SOUND KNOT
288
wood grain resulting from a cut across the grain
END GRAIN
289
any combination of edge-grained and flat-grained lumber
MIXED GRAIN
290
To saw wood in the direction of the grain
RIPSAW/ RIP
291
a cut made across the grain of wood
CROSSCUT
292
The base of a woody branch enclosed by a subsequent growth of wood in the stem from which it rises
KNOT
293
a knot having annual rings not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood; considered a defect since it can easily loosen or be knocked out
ENCASED KNOT/LOOSE KNOT/DEAD KNOT
294
The decomposition of wood by fungi and other microorganisms, resulting in softening, loss of strength and weight, and often a change of texture and color
DECAY
295
a decay of seasoned timber caused by fungi, that consume the cellulose living a soft, brittle skeleton readily reduced to powder
DRY ROT
296
having isolated spots of incipient decay from fungi, as in pecky Cypress or pecky cedar
PECKY
297
lumber sawn or selected primarily for use as a finished material rather than for strength, graded according to natural characteristics and manufacturing imperfections
APPEARANCE LUMBER
298
softwood lumber intended for general building purposes including boards, dimension lumber, and timbers
YARD LUMBER
299
yard lumber less than 2 in thick and 2 in or more wide
BOARDS
300
dimension lumber and timbers graded either by visual inspection or mechanically on the basis of strength and intended use
FRAMING LUMBER / STRUCTURAL LUMBER
301
Yard lumber from 2 to 4 in thick and 2 in or more wide
DIMENSION LUMBER
302
yard Iumber 5 in or more in the least dimension
TIMBERS
303
structural Iumber of rectangular cross section, graded primarily with respect to bending strength when loaded either on the narrow face as a joist or on the wide face as a plank
JOISTS & PLANKS
304
dimension Iumber intended for use where high strength values are not required
LIGHT FRAMING
305
dimension Iumber graded primarily with respect to bending strength when loaded on the wide surface
DECKING
306
structural lumber of rectangular cross section graded primarily with respect to bending strength when loaded on the narrow face
BEAMS & STRINGERS
307
structural Iumber of square or approximately square cross section graded primarily for use as columns carrying an axial load
POSTS & TIMBER
308
lumber sawn or selected primarily for further manufacture, graded according to the amount of usable wood that will produce cuttings of a specified size and quality
SHOP LUMBER / FACTORY LUMBER
309
lumber having edges dressed and shaped to form a tongue-and-groove joint when laid edge to edge or end to end
MATCHED LUMBER
310
lumber dressed and shaped to a pattern or molded form
PATTERNED LUMBER
311
wood that has been coated or impregnated with chemicals to improve its resistance to decay, insect infestation, or fire
TREATED WOOD
312
wood impregnated with chemicals applied under pressure to reduce its resistance to decay and insect infestation
PRESSURE-TREATED WOOD
313
wood coated, dipped, or impregnated with a preservative under atmospheric pressure
NON-PRESSURE-TREATED WOOD
314
wood treated with mineral salts impregnated under pressure to reduce flammability or combustibility
FIRE-RETARDANT WOOD
315
a metal ring or cap placed around the end of a wooden post or handle to prevent splitting
FERRULE
316
an eccentric load applied at some point below the upper end of a timber column, the static effect of which is assumed to be equivalent to the same load applied axially plus an additional side load applied at mid height
BRACKET LOAD
317
A wood column consisting of a single piece of solid-sawn or glued-laminated timber usually square or rectangular in cross-section
SOLID COLUMN
318
a horizontal timber on a post for enlarging the bearing area and reducing the free span of a beam
BOLSTER
319
a wood column having a cross-section that diminishes along its length
TAPERED COLUMN
320
a wood column formed by fastening or gluing cover plates to two or more parallel planks, or boxing planks around a solid core
BUILT-UP COLUMN
321
a built-up column having a hollow, square, or rectangular cross section
BOX COLUMN
322
a wood column consisting of two or more parallel members separated at their ends and midpoints by blocking, and joined at the ends by timber connectors capable of developing the required shear resistance
SPACED COLUMN
323
a vertically laminated wood beam made by fastening together two or more smaller members with bolts, lag screws, or spikes, equal in strength to the sum of the strengths of the individual pieces if none of the laminations are spliced
BUILT-UP BEAM
324
A beam having a hollow, rectangular cross section made by gluing two or more plywood or oriented strandboard webs to sawn or laminated veneer lumber flanges
BOX BEAM
325
a joist made by gluing sawn or laminated veneer lumber flanges along the top and bottom edges of a single plywood or oriented standboard web
I-JOIST/I-BEAM
326
A vertically laminated beam consisting of timbers set on edge and bolted side by side to steel plates or sections
FLITCH GIRDER / SANDWICH BEAM/FLITCH BEAM
327
A steel plate for reinforcing a flitch beam
FLITCHPLATE
328
A structural lumber product made by laminating stress-grade lumber with adhesive under controlled conditions, usually with the grain of all plies being parallel
GLUED-LAMINATED TIMBER
329
A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other and symmetrical about the center ply
PLYWOOD
330
A plywood made with D-grade veneers or better, bonded with an exterior, intermediate, or interior glueline
INTERIOR PLYWOOD
331
A plywood panel consisting of C-grade veneers or better, bonded with a fully waterproof glueline for permanent exposure to weather or moisture
EXTERIOR PLYWOOD
332
the grade of a structural wood panel based on its intended use as sheathing, subflooring, or in the fabrication of box beams and stressed-skin panels
ENGINEERED GRADE
333
A grade defining the appearance of a veneer in terms of growth characteristics and the number and size of repairs that may be made during manufacture
VENEER GRADE
334
A thin sheet of wood rotary out, sliced, or sawn from a log or flitch and used as a superior facing to inferior wood or bonded together to form plywood
VENEER
335
Hardwood-faced plywood manufactured for use as paneling or in cabinetry and furniture
DECORATIVE PLYWOOD
336
A layer of veneer immediately adjacent to and at right angles to the face plies in a plywood panel
CROSSBAND
337
the center of a plywood panel, consisting of veneers, sawn lumber, or composition board
CORE
338
the solid wood stock extending around the sides of a veneered panel, concealing the core and facilitating the shaping of the panel edges
BANDING
339
The highest grade of hardwood veneer, permitting only a few small burls, pin knots, and inconspicuous patches
PREMIUM GRADE
340
A sound, smooth hardwood veneer free of open defects but containing streaks, discoloration, patches, and small sound tight knots
SOUND GRADE
341
A grade of hardwood veneer similar to premium grade except that matching of veneer faces is not required
GOOD GRADE
342
A hardwood veneer permitting discoloration, streaks, patches, tight knots, small knotholes, and splits
UTILITY GRADE
343
A grade of hardwood veneer similar to utility grade but permitting large defects not affecting the strength or durability of the panel
BACKING GRADE
344
An arranging sheet of veneers so as to emphasize the color and figure of the wood
MATCHING
345
Arranging veneer from the same flitch alternately face up and face down to produce symmetrical mirror images about the joints between adjacent sheets
BOOK MATCHING
346
Book matching in which the figures in adjacent sheets slope in opposite directions
HERRINGBONE MATCHING
347
Arranging adjacent sheets of veneer from the same flitch side by side without turning so as to repeat the figure
SLIP MATCHING
348
Arranging four diagonally cut sheets of a veneer to form a diamond pattern about a center
DIAMOND MATCHING
349
Arranging veneers to intentionally create a casual, unmatched appearance
RANDOM MATCHING
350
the natural pattern on a sawed wood surface produced by the intersection of annual rings, knots, burls, rays, and other growth characteristics
FIGURE
351
the rotating of a log against the cutting edge of a knife in a lathe, producing a continuous veneer with a bold, variegated ripple figure
ROTARY CUTTING
352
the longitudinal slicing of a half-log parallel to a line through its center, producing a veneer having a variegated wavy figure
PLAIN SLICING/FLAT SLICING
353
the longitudinal slicing of a quarter log perpendicular to the annual rings, producing a series of straight or varied stripes in the veneer
QUARTER SLICING
354
the slicing of a flitch mounted off-center in the lathe, slightly across the annual rings, producing characteristics of both rotary cutting and flat slicing
HALF-ROUND SLICING
355
A longitudinal section of a log to be cut into veneers
FLITCH
356
A nonveneered wood panel product commonly used for sheathing and as subflooring, made by bonding three or five layers of long, thin wood strands under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive
ORIENTED STRANDBOARD (OSB)
357
the slicing of oak and similar species perpendicular to the conspicuous, radiating rays so as to minimize their appearance
RIFT CUTTING
358
A wood panel product consisting of two face veneers bonded to a reconstituted wood core
COMPOSITE PANEL
359
A nonveneered panel product composed of a large, thin wood flakes bonded under heat and pressure with a waterproof adhesive
WAFERBOARD
360
A structural lumber product made by bonding long, narrow wood strands together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive
PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER (PSL)
361
A structural lumber product made by bonding layers of wood veneers together under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive
LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (LVL)
362
A bldg material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with a binder into rigid sheets
FIBERBOARD
363
A very dense, compressed wood fiberboard
HARDBOARD
364
trademark for a brand of tempered hardboard having regularly spaced perforations into which hooks may be inserted for the storage or display of articles
PEG-BOARD
365
A hardboard impregnated with a drying oil or other oxidizing resin and baked to improve its hardness and moisture resistance
TEMPERED HARDBOARD
VISUAL DICTIONARY (ALE)
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
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VISDIC: GENERAL27
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VISDIC: A53
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VISDIC: B198
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VISDIC: C450
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VISDIC:D357
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VISDIC:E189
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VISDIC: F (part 1)500
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VISDIC: G153
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VISDIC: F (part 2)40
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VISDIC: H314
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VISDIC: J64
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VISDIC: L232
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VISDIC: M (part 1)280
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VISDIC: M (part 2)219
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VISDIC: O203
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VISDIC: P373
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VISDIC: R335
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VISDIC: S (part 1)393
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VISDIC: S (part2)135
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VISDIC: T279
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VISDIC: V74
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VISDIC:W366
