136-142

Question 1

when was the earliest 260 day Maya calendar written?

Answer 1

200-300 BCE

Question 2

what does the discovery of the early Maya calendar suggest?

Answer 2

that we cannot argue any one region of mesoamerica as the point of origin for scripts or canedrical record keeping

Question 3

was Las Pinturas the latest structure built at San Bartolo? what does it contain?

Answer 3

-yes
-painted murals depicting Maya technology
-below are a painted plaster with hieroglyphs and early evidence of calendars

Question 4

how do they know that under Las Pinturas is a calendar?

Answer 4

by the depiction of a deer head and bars and dots which are used in a calendar

Question 5

have they found the earliest known ancient Maya saltworks in souther Belize?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

how were the salt cakes transported in Belize?

Answer 6

in canoes along the coast and up rivers

Question 7

how were the salt cakes made?

Answer 7

using ceramics jars

Question 8

were salt cakes sold by vendors?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

did they make dams and reservoirs in the large cities in southern Maya where surface water was lacking?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

how did the Maya make sure the reservoirs stayed drinkable?

Answer 10

-by putting in aquatic plant swhich can filter the water
-by using volcanic sand and quartz

Question 11

did the elites who had power in Maya had bigger water reservoirs, indicating the wealthy get more clean water?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

is there mercury contamination in the sediment at Tikal of the Maya civilization, due to the Mayas using mercury as a red pigment?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

did the Maya use mercury red pigment due to thinking it as sacred, but rather it being dangerous?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

did the mercury cause side effects to the Mayans, like damage to the body, even resulting in one of their king, Tikal, being obese due to it?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what did many Maya do to their teeth?

Answer 15

drill into it and add jewels

Question 16

why did the Maya do the dental inlays?

Answer 16

for a spiritual meaning

Question 17

what was the dental glue made of?

Answer 17

-pine tree tar which is believed to have anti-bacterial properties
-Sclareolide with anti-bacterial properties

Question 18

did the Maya care heavily about dental hygiene?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

did the Mayans add gems into their teeth for beauty and ritual reasons?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

what is monumentality according to researchers? when did monumentality first appear?

Answer 20

-the impulse to build big things
-southern Maya lowland around 700 BCE, during the middle preclassic

Question 21

what happened during the middle preclassic when referring to monumentality?

Answer 21

-rounded structures were replaced with rectangular forms of pyramids
-first evidence of building oriented to cardinal directions

Question 22

what are E-groups by the Maya? where has it been seen?

Answer 22

-a type of architectural form dony by the Maya
-found at Uaxactun in Guatemala

Question 23

what are the similar features E-groups have?

Answer 23

-arranged around a rectangular plaza
-large, square-based pyramid on western side of plaza
-pyramid is radial and has staircases on all sides

Question 24

is the origin of E-groups clear?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what does Inomata argue E-groups are based on?

Answer 25

-similar constructs in Ithsmian interaction sphere, which includes groups in the Gulf Coast and Chiapas and souther pacific coast

Question 26

are E-group buildings associated with a series of deities important to the founding of Maya social order?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

do the western pyramids in the E group correlate to maize iconography while the eastern pyramids are linked to the triad of sacred deities?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

were the E group at Uaxactun alligned to mark the sunrise positions at the solstice and equinoxes?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what architectural form are ballcourts, ballgame imagery, and sacrifice often associated with?

Answer 29

E-groups

Question 30

is decapitation a practice associated with the ballgame?

Answer 30

yes

Question 31

what was found at seibal site related to E-groups?

Answer 31

-the eastern structure of an E-group flanked by Stelae depicting ballgame imagery, the game may have involved sacrifice of captive opponents

Question 32

were katun cycle stelae routinely erected in E-groups in the lowlands during the late preclassic and classic period?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

at tikal and the El Palmar site, were E groups constructed similarly, that being plazas being leveled and plastered the pyramid construction?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

do E-groups provide a pronounced viewshed for the cities? what is a viewshed?

Answer 34

-yes - an area of direct line-of-sight visibility from a space

Question 35

why did the may use E-groups?

Answer 35

-a way for settlers to interact with one another -played a central role in Maya life -created social identity

Question 36

did areas without E-groups lack centralized early political authority?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

what does the urban planning of E-groups include?

Answer 37

-consistent building orientations -standard architectural measurements -Major spatial axes

Question 38

what is the largest late preclassic centre in southern Maya area?

Answer 38

Kaminaljuyu or KJ

Question 39

what was KJ considered?

Answer 39

-a ceremonial centre, where local inhabitants and those in the area can gather -had trade crossroads for quetzal feathers and obsidian

Question 40

who controlled KJ?

Answer 40

teotihuacan

Question 41

from what period does KJ date to?

Answer 41

preclassic

Question 42

what is Miraflores when related to KJ?

Answer 42

the city's late preclassic period

Question 43

did KJ have administrative and religious structures?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

what 3 regions does the southern Maya zone comprise of?

Answer 44

1. highlands 2. piedmont (the boca costa) 3. coast

Question 45

what connected the 3 regions of southern Maya?

Answer 45

trade and political economies

Question 46

what material was is hypothesized to be the main force at driving KJs development?

Answer 46

the El Chayal obsidian, used in trade over great distances

Question 47

what stela and monument in Kaminaljuyu depict the traditions and ceremonies of the people? what are the traditions?

Answer 47

-stela 10 and monument 65 -early rulers chosen by elders, later in preclassic selection changed to hereditary and dynastic rule

Question 48

did the ritual powerful rulers from Gulf Coast Olmec influence practice within the southern Maya area and Kaminaljuyu?

Answer 48

yes

Question 49

what was the core theme on monuments found in Kaminaljuyu?

Answer 49

royal sacrifice performed to create the ordered cosmos

Question 50

what did tomb I and II in Kaminaljuyu contain?

Answer 50

excess wealth

Question 51

how many monuments were found in Kaminaljuyu?

Answer 51

325 monuments

Question 52

what did the murals of Kaminaljuyu depict?

Answer 52

dieties including birds, the maize god, and hero twins in colors of red, yellow, green, white, and black

Question 53

what is the port-of-trade model for Kaminaljuyu?

Answer 53

-city was a multiethnic polity/society -power-sharing between different linguistic groups creating a neutral "free trade zone" -different monuments and ceramics indicate people of different identity traded -may have been led by a multepal (council)

Question 54

what was KJ at its climax and how did it get destroyed?

Answer 54

-KJ was possibly an imperial-religious missionary center, drawing foreign elites and other pilgrimages for idealogical training and sanctions for the founding of new polities -ultimately led to its destruction, as well as droughts and environmental stresses