71-74

Question 1

did a site in Cishan push back the date of the domestication of millet by 10,000 years?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

what animals were domesticated in southern and northern China ?

Answer 2

southern: dogs, pigs, and water buffalo
northern: pigs and chickens

Question 3

what did the cultivation of rice require?

Answer 3

-marsh conditions
-blue-green algae to feed on

Question 4

when was rice harvested?

Answer 4

10,000 ya

Question 5

were early neolithic stone tools from Yangtze River Valley used for harvesting rice?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

how did they know the stone tools were used to harvest rice?

Answer 6

from the phytoliths found on the tools

Question 7

was sickle harvesting more widely used when rice became more domesticated?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

when did beer drinking in China occur?

Answer 8

9,000 ya

Question 9

at what site was the evidence for beer drinking in China found?

Answer 9

Qiaotou

Question 10

were pottery vessels used to hold beer?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what was the beer made of?

Answer 11

-rice, a grain called Job’s tears, and unidentified tubers

Question 12

was beer consumed in rituals in China?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

what is the two stage process of making beer?

Answer 13

1. enzymes transform starch into sugar (saccharification)
2. yeasts convert the sugar into alcohol and other states like carbon dioxide (fermentation)

Question 14

in what ceremonies was beer used?

Answer 14

ceremonies of the dead

Question 15

was beer used to forge social relationships and cooperation?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

did the distribution of sites containing rice remain in east and southeast Asia? what does this suggest?

Answer 16

-yes
-that the transition from hunting and gathering to farming took place in the yangzi valley

Question 17

how did agricultural communities in the yangzi valley spread out? how does this relate to language?

Answer 17

-they spread via river valleys to the west and south
-probably relates to spread of Austro-Asiatic languages

Question 18

what are the characteristics of the Yangshao culture and the Banpo village?

Answer 18

-the village is defended by a deep ditch, beyond which are cemeteries
-houses are circular and widely spread apart
-subterranian houses that are rectangular
-animal and plants exploited
-dogs and pigs domesticated
-pottery vessels

Question 19

did agriculture result in many people to live in valleys in Europe?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

when did agriculture in southwest Asia and Europe occur?

Answer 20

southwest Asia: 12,000 ya
Europe: 9,000 ya

Question 21

the spread of farming in Europe is probably from what?

Answer 21

Anatolia

Question 22

how did agriculture in Europe come to be?

Answer 22

-farming likely carried by boat across Aegan to Crete 9,000 ya
-spreads into the northern Balkans
-Emphasis on fertile plains and river basins
-reaches Adriatic coast and Danube 8,000 ya

Question 23

what is the earliest evidence of agriculture in Europe 13,000 ya?

Answer 23

Franchthi Cave, exploitation of oats, lentils, peas, barleys

Question 24

what was a Cardium (cockle) shell used for? what is it a characteristic of? what does sit mark?

Answer 24

-to impress decoration into the surface of the vessel (pot) before firing
-characteristic pottery of early farming communities of west Mediterranean
-marks the spread of pottery in France and Spain around 8,000 ya

Question 25

when did the neolithic spread into western Mediterranean?

Answer 25

8,000-7,400 ya

Question 26

what was the main culture in central Europe?

Answer 26

Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture

Question 27

what is the LBK culture dated to? what is the date of the LBK culture entering northern Europe/British isles?

Answer 27

-7,600-7,000 ya -6,300-6,000 ya

Question 28

what is the characteristics of the early neolithic LBK culture?

Answer 28

-finely made pottery -communities with longhouses -domestication of wheat, barley, flax, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs -fixed plot horticulture -did crop rotation and forest grazing -had small hamlets -permanent rectangular wood and thatch pole-built houses (long term occupation for hundreds of years)

Question 29

what are the characteristics of the LBK longhouse?

Answer 29

-standardized construction -postholes with long lateral pits -massive timber posts supporting the pitched roof -northern end more massively built of split timber planks in a trench

Question 30

how was the LBK settlement designed?

Answer 30

-small groups of longhouses would have been associated with fields and cattle pens in forest clearings -settlements divided into individual residence plots -each would have one or two longhouse at any one time

Question 31

what are the major innovations of the middle Neolithic?

Answer 31

-domesticared horses in central Europe 6,000-5,000 ya -wool production -wheeled vehicles -ards which appear under burial mounds dating to 6,000 ya -first extensive use of metals -flint mining -cheese production -salt production -beer, mead, wine production

Question 32

what was discovered in Iberia 7,500-6,500 ya?

Answer 32

evidence for people at high altitude involved in complex livestock and farming activities

Question 33

what was found in Los Murcielagos Cave, Albunol, Granada Spain 7,300-6,900 ya?

Answer 33

evidence of archery

Question 34

what were the arrow shafts and the wooden bows made of?

Answer 34

arrow shafts made from reeds and the wooden bows were made of olive wood

Question 35

why were arrow shafts coated with birch bark pitch?

Answer 35

-for protection and decorative purposes

Question 36

was the bowstring made with animal tendons?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

did people in Iberia selectively mark trees and controlled the forest?

Answer 37

yes, marks on bay trees are the earliest evidence of forest management

Question 38

what is bay tree wood mostly used for in neolithic Europe?

Answer 38

-used in fires, tools, and rarely in building (oak more dominant)

Question 39

what was discovered at Lake Ohrid, Albania 8,000 ya?

Answer 39

-a Lakeshore settlement of stilt houses, oldest lakeside village in europe -settlement was fortified with thousands of spiked planks used as defensive barricades

Question 40

did the neolithic have differences in land with some owning more land causing them to be richer than others, building wealth?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

were copper artifacts found in neolithic europe?

Answer 41

yes