67-70

Question 1

what were at the 170 small fireplace sites in the Nefud Desert in Saudi Arabia?

Answer 1

-grinding tools, most of which are broken into small pieces and then placed on top of the fire, some had holes to attach rope to them

Question 2

what were the grinding tools used for?

Answer 2

-used for processing bones and plant fibers
-used to make pigment

Question 3

what were the grinded plant fibers likely used for?

Answer 3

-making bread or making rope and baskets for transport or storage

Question 4

was painting art with pigment from a grindstone once widespread?

Answer 4

yes

Question 5

how were grinding stones disposed of?

Answer 5

-by breaking them into many pieces and throwing them into a fire, could be a sign of ritual cleansing of importantly objects

Question 6

what is the social model of agriculture?

Answer 6

-proposes that it wasn’t just external factors that played a role in the switch from hunting/gathering to farming but rather humans were passive participants who played an active role during the transition
-factors that caused the transition were varying population growths rates and mortality rates which were driven by competition between hunter/gatherers, and farmers

Question 7

how did wildfires bring about agriculture in the Levant region 8,200 ya?

Answer 7

the fires removed vast amounts of vegetation, leading to severe soil degradation on hill slopes and the accumulation of fertile soil in valley basins which are an ideal place for early farming communities

Question 8

what ignited the wildfires?

Answer 8

Dry thunderstorms, resulting from orbital shifts in solar radiation
-caused transformed landscapes where former foragers had to adapt to new conditions by domesticating plants and settling in fertile, water-rich valleys

Question 9

what is Gobekli Tepe?

Answer 9

a site in Turkey and its name means potbelly hill

Question 10

what does Gobekli Tepe consist of? how many structures there?

Answer 10

-broken stone, stone chips, soils with chipped stone debris, ashes, charcoal and animal bones
-as many as 25 present

Question 11

what are the characteristics of the enclosures at the Gobekli Tepe?

Answer 11

-enclosures are subterranean
-10 feet deep, with stone retaining walls
-paired limestone monoliths erected in floors
-stone bench at the base of the retaining wall

Question 12

what does the largest structure at the Gobekli Tepe consist of?

Answer 12

-largest structure found is 30m in diameter
-contained pair of T shaped monoliths in the middle of the floor

Question 13

how is the T shaped monoliths in the largest structure decorated?

Answer 13

-with depictions of animals birds and snakes

Question 14

what is the distinctive architecture of the Gobleki Tepe?

Answer 14

-large curvilinear (older) and smaller rectangular structures with megaliths in the form of T shaped stone pillars

Question 15

were the round structures and the limestone pillars linked geometrically and planned as a single structure?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

was the use of geometry and formulation of floor plan thought to have emerged much later, likely after shift to food production?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what culture devised elements of architectural planning?

Answer 17

natufian culture

Question 18

is the transition to rectangular structures thought to be based on existing knowledge?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

do some of the pillars at the Gobekli Tepe resemble human faces?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

how long was the Gobekli Tepe occupied?

Answer 20

-1,000 years starting 11,700 ya

Question 21

were the enclosures rebuilt many times, the monoliths carved many times, and the enclosures filled with domestic debris in the end of use?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

when was the neolithic village Catalhoyuk in Turkey first occupied and for how long?

Answer 22

9,300 ya till 8,200 ya

Question 23

what were the initial interpretations of Catalhoyuk?

Answer 23

-it was a prehistoric cult centre (predating mesopotamia by 2,000 years) for worship of “great mother goddess”

Question 24

what does Catalhoyuk represent?

Answer 24

the coming together of pre-existing smaller settlements and communities along the stream, population probably several thousand

Question 25

how was the architecture at Catalhoyuk?

Answer 25

-buildings made of mud bricks, clay covered wooden piers, and wooden ceiling beams -different colored bricks suggests each family made their own as needed -houses are uniform and rectangular -rooms for storage -walls, floors, and platforms covered with lime plaster -houses were a single story -house access through opening in flat roof

Question 26

how were the houses decorated in Catalhoyuk?

Answer 26

-main rooms were decorated with some differences between houses, likely due to economics -some houses had simple monocrome paintings -some houses had painted plaster walls -some painted animals -all the animal skulls and features were painted with iron oxide pigment

Question 27

were the interior walls often painted with red designs? what were the designs? were there three dimensional sculptures as well?

Answer 27

-yes -animal and human forms -yes, 3D bull heads, goat heads, and large cats

Question 28

how did scientists find out which plants were grinded?

Answer 28

plant residues, like phytoliths which contain silica

Question 29

what are phytoliths?

Answer 29

-silica created in plant cells and cell walls

Question 30

what plants did the people of Catalhoyuk use?

Answer 30

-starch plants -toxic plants which require knowledge of how to use and process -seeds

Question 31

what activities were used to process items with a grindstone?

Answer 31

-grain husking -milling of legumes, tubers and cereals -non-plant processing

Question 32

what are the characteristics of humans figures in Catalhoyuk?

Answer 32

-lack heads -lack features

Question 33

was there a single house in with 68 individuals buried in Catalhoyuk acting as a family crypt?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what is important about the landscape painting or map found at Catalhoyuk?

Answer 34

is the earliest evidence of a landscape painting or map

Question 35

what is in the landscape painting at Catalhoyuk?

Answer 35

eighty rectangular cells at the bottom representing houses with a double peak volcano representing Hasan Dagi which last erupted 6,900 BCE

Question 36

do most sites north of the equator have intensified hunting/gathering/fishing?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

was animal domestication earlier than plant domestication?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

what are the 3 regions where plants were indigenously domesticated in africa?

Answer 38

-Northeast Africa: tef, finger millet, coffee -Central Africa: pearl millet, sorghum -West Africa: African rice

Question 39

what are the domesticated organisms from the middle east?

Answer 39

-Wheat -Barley -Lentils -Sheep and goats

Question 40

what did the development of agriculture in Africa involve?

Answer 40

-indigenous domestication of plants -possibly indigenous domestication of animals -adoption of middle eastern domesticated plants and animals

Question 41

how do small villages in northern Africa during the wetter period in the Sahara resemble the Natufian sites?

Answer 41

-Size -nature of structures -exploitation of a wide range of resources -use of grinding stones

Question 42

how do small villages in northern Africa during the wetter period in the Sahara differ from the Natufian sites?

Answer 42

-pottery more common in african sites

Question 43

what did the Gobero (Niger) excavation in southern Sahara uncover? what were their diets?

Answer 43

-a cemetery and associated habitation 9,700-8,200 ya -uncovered artifacts like barbed bone points, bladelets, pottery -due to being by a lake, a diet mainly composed of fish

Question 44

how was the Sahara desert, which is the most dominant feature of the North African Landscape today, different in the past?

Answer 44

-the desert developed in only 5,000-4,000 years -14,000-4,5000 ya more rainfall -extensive human occupation before desert came to be

Question 45

what is the earliest documented arrival of a domesticated crops to eastern Africa?

Answer 45

-cowpea 2,300 ya

Question 46

Where did cowpea in eastern Africa come from? when did sorghum arrive?

Answer 46

-came from West Africa and arrived in Lake Victoria basin through spread of Bantu-speaking people migrating from Central africa -sorghum arrived 1,000 ya

Question 47

where did sorghum come from?

Answer 47

-from people in Egypt growing them and it falling into the Nile and travelling through Sudan

Question 48

8,500 ya, did members of farming communities cross the Aegan sea, ringing techniques similar to the greeks and the Balkans, and then 500 years later they crossed to Italy to then have agriculture in the Iberian Penninsula 7,600 ya?

Answer 48

yes

Question 49

what is Cardium pottery?

Answer 49

decorated pottery used as an indicator of cultural affinities

Question 49

where is Cardium pottery found?

Answer 49

-in coastal regions throughout the Mediterranean

Question 50

do genomes show a mix of indigenous north African hunter/gatherers, Anatolian farmers mixed with European hunter/gatherers, and the pastoralist groups from Levant?

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

what domesticated animals were incorporated into mobile hunter/gatherer societies?

Answer 51

-Cattle, sheep, and goats

Question 52

what are pastoral societies?

Answer 52

-mobile societies with economies focused on maintaining herds of domesticated animals

Question 53

domesticated cattle, sheep and goats were introduced into pastoralist societies when?

Answer 53

8,000 ya

Question 54

what was found in Dakhleh Oasis Site in the egyptian desert?

Answer 54

-200 hut circles -domesticated animal bones like gazelle, goats, and cattle