79-82

Question 1

what are the two populations which migrated into the Americas?

Answer 1

1. people from the north with shared relatedness to the mesoamericans including the Mayans 9,600-7,300 ya
2. an unknown movement from the south with shared ancestery to 50% of later individuals, the ancestry is ancestral to present day Chibchan speakers from Costa Rica and Columbia

Question 2

what three things did the Chibchan related horticulturalists do?

Answer 2

1. moved northward into southeastern Yucatan
2. Brought along improved varieties soft maize
3. mixed with local populations to create new horticulture traditions which led to intensive maize agricuture

Question 3

did the Chibchan-related peoples bring about the development of both farming and large Maya communities?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

Maize and squash agriculture spread to northern Mexico and southwest when?

Answer 4

4,000 ya

Question 5

did maize eventually spread east and north out of southwest into the rest of North America?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

was maize into much of eastern north America by 1,700 ya?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

how was maize prepared?

Answer 7

with grinding stones called manos and metates

Question 8

what is maize so diverse?

Answer 8

because maize was brought into Mexico and south America 6,500 ya and the it was bred separately in both continents resulting in a lot of diversity

Question 9

what was found in Guitarrero cave dating to 4,300 ya in the Andes?

Answer 9

domesticated beans

Question 10

what was found in Panaulauca cave dating to 5,700-4,500 ya in the Andes?

Answer 10

quinoa seeds

Question 11

when were potato’s domesticated in the Andes?

Answer 11

4,000-3,000 ya

Question 12

when were llamas and alpacas domesticated in the Andes?

Answer 12

10,000-5,000 ya

Question 13

what is the cotton preceramic?

Answer 13

a time of wide abundance of cotton seeds and absence of pottery

Question 14

were plants domesticated in Amazonia?

Answer 14

yes, as far back as 8,000 ya

Question 15

when did chilli domestication likely begin and where?

Answer 15

10,000 ya in central mexico

Question 16

why do people domesticate chilli if they have no nutritional value?

Answer 16

for the experience, eating chillies results in a massive release of endorphins, resulting in a near sense of euphoria

Question 17

when and where was cacao tree domesticated?

Answer 17

5,000 ya from the Amazon (central America)

Question 18

were genetically distinct populations of cacao bred together?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

was it originally believed that peaches were introduced by Spanish explorers, which spread quickly? what’s the reality?

Answer 19

-yes
-rapid spread was a product of indigenous networks and land management

Question 20

did the indigenous have more variety of peaches than the Spanish due to selective breeding?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

when were peaches domesticated?

Answer 21

16200 AD

Question 22

when were the Nasca aqueduct system of wood and stone built?

Answer 22

1,700 ya

Question 23

what does the Nasca aqueduct system provide?

Answer 23

provides drinking and irrigation water from mountains and rivers, allows crops to grow in the arid Nasca desert

Question 24

who built the Nasca aqueducts?

Answer 24

the same people who made the Peru aqueducts

Question 25

why is the usually barren Amazon rainforest soil fertile in some patches (known as dark earth patches)?

Answer 25

-because ancient amazonians intentionally enriched areas of the forest to nourish crops for centuries, locking up carbon in the process

Question 26

is there darker soil around archaeological sites in the Kuikuro indigenous territory in Xingu river basin, SE Amazon?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

how do the kuikuro people create dark soil?

Answer 27

through village practices

Question 28

do the sites like Seku in the Amazon have high levels of carbon due to the ancient amazonians adding it into the soil making it good for crop growing?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

what did the Casarabe society in the Amazon develop? what does it help disprove?

Answer 29

an agricultural engineering system allowing maize production throughout the year, which disproves the belief that monoculture (single crop) agriculture was not possible in the region

Question 30

what is the system of the Casarabe society?

Answer 30

-extensive drainage canals to drain water from flooded savannas -farm ponds which function as water reservoirs -transformed the flooded tropical savannas into high productive fields, driving the economy towards grain production

Question 31

do the Casarabe people have maize as their main crop in agriculture?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

is Casarabe the first grain-based agrarian economy in the Amazon?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

does the 4,000 ya fishery in Belize's wetland act as the first large-scale prehistoric fish-trapping facility recorded in Mesoamerica?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

was the Maya society built on a surplus of maize?

Answer 34

no, an abundance of fish from the fishery

Question 35

did the Tseil-Waututh ancestors fish salmon from 2,850-450 ya?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

was there massive scale farming found in the upper peninsula, Michigan?

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

what did the LiDAR drone discover at the large scale farming in Michigan?

Answer 37

-parallel ridges over the landscape created by farmers -a dance ring -burial mounds -rectangular building foundation -logging camps -soil was reworked to grow certain crops like maize