22-28

Question 1

does the study of bone fractures on prey with upward motion indicate that neanderthals were capable of thrusting with spears?

Answer 1

yes, they were capable of close coordination with groups during hunting and the ability to plan and communicate ideas

Question 2

were neanderthals able to throw spears to hunt?

Answer 2

yes, they had wooden spears that could be thrown

Question 3

what was the main prey for neanderthals? was this specific prey hunted by a widespread of neanderthals?

Answer 3

-straight tusked elephants, the largest terrestrial animal at its time, which they butchered in northern europe 125,000 years ago
-yes

Question 4

how many neanderthals would one elephant provide enough food for? what does this suggest?

Answer 4

-2,500 neanderthals
-that the neanderthals potentially gathered in groups of up to 20 individuals for hunting and that they must have mastered techniques for preserving the large quantities of food

Question 5

did neanderthals hunt cave lions? what for?

Answer 5

-yes
-to skin them and use the pelt for something like a cloak

Question 6

did neanderthals eat cave lions?

Answer 6

-no evidence of them eating cave lions

Question 7

a recent discovery in Italy showed that neanderthals were capable of using what? how so?

Answer 7

-used fire 170,000 years ago
-they would intentionally burn wood and shape it to make it harder for use like digging

Question 8

what is the earliest date of when neanderthals started to make fire?

Answer 8

50,000 years ago

Question 9

what was the AMH fire creation technique and what was the Neanderthal fire creation technique and when did they occur?

Answer 9

-AMH: invented Drill kit fire creation, appeared to begin in africa 160,000 years ago
-Neanderthals: invented strike-a-light fire making, appeared to begin 200,000 years ago in europe

Question 10

is the discovery of fire creation from flint knapping unsurprising because flint knapping requires two stones to be striked against one another?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

in which environment are strike-a-light method and fire-drill method best suited for?

Answer 11

-strike-a-light: wetter, higher-latitude regions
-fire-drill: best suited for drier, warmer areas

Question 12

did neanderthals potentially cook their food alongside disposing the bones in the fire?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

what was the diet of neanderthals in Portugal by the water primarily composed of?

Answer 13

-molluscs, crustaceans,crabs, fish, birds, dolphins, and seals

Question 14

did neanderthals grind starchy plants to make cereal?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what was found in Bruniquel Cave related to neanderthals? what is suggested about the structure?

Answer 15

-stalagmites stacked into several structures
-that the stalagmites were heated

Question 16

did neanderthals use eagle feathers and talons to make jewelry?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what did neanderthals use ochre for?

Answer 17

to stain certain items like shells, in red and yellow pigment, shows signs of a material culture

Question 18

did neanderthals make cave paintings and engravings?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

why is it believed neanderthals could sail?

Answer 19

-neanderthal tools were discovered on islands (Crete) dating to 130,000 years ago
-could lead to the possibility for neanderthals to sail

Question 20

when did humans use flotation to get to Australia?

Answer 20

60,000 years ago

Question 21

how did neanderthals and AMH use space? what did this suggest for them?

Answer 21

-had living areas with high and low intensity activity areas
-had a tendency to maintain features in the same locations
-organization consistently influenced by land use
-planning and organizing meant they had cognitive capabilities for spacial organization

Question 22

what are the differences in space for neanderthals and AMH?

Answer 22

-neanderthal occupation showed lower intensity compared to those of AMH
-neanderthals used space sporadically as a high-mobility system during a period of rapid climate change
-AMH alternated between short term and long term base camps as a means of adjusting to their territory

Question 23

who are the denisovans?

Answer 23

a sister group to neanderthals that lived in central asia 40,000 years ago
-more related to neanderthals than humans

Question 24

how do we know that there was gene flow from denisovans into humans?

Answer 24

-the people of Papa New Guinea have denisovan genomes

Question 25

did neanderthals migrate into central asia in 2 migration periods? what were they?

Answer 25

-yes -around 100,000 years ago -around 60,000 years ago

Question 26

was the Denisova cave in Siberia inhabited by denisovans, neanderthals, and modern humans?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

denisovan fossils are rare, what fossils do we have?

Answer 27

-a mandible jaw -finger bone

Question 28

did denisovans interbreed?

Answer 28

yes, a female in the denisova cave was found to be a hybrid of a male denisovan (who had traces of neanderthal in him too) and a female neanderthal

Question 29

what were the 4 new hominin bones that were found in the denisova cave found to be? how old were they?

Answer 29

-three denisovans, 187,000 (oldest densiovans ever known) -one neanderthal, 134,000

Question 30

have denisovans been found in china? where?

Answer 30

-yes -in Baishiya Karst Cave from 100,000 to 60,000 years ago

Question 31

what is surprising about the denisovan DNA in Papa New Guinea natives?

Answer 31

-carry strains of two different Denisovan genetic groups -indicates some members of the populations survived up until 30-15,000 years ago

Question 32

what did the new Rib fragment of a denisovan from a tibetan cave indicate?

Answer 32

that denisovans were living in eurasia at a time when modern humans were entering eurasia, 48,000 to 32,000 years ago

Question 33

do modern humans who live in SE asia have denisovan DNA? what does this indicate?

Answer 33

yes, that the islanders ancestors interbred

Question 34

did some denisovan genes help AMH survive against new pathogens and provide them with immunity to the diseases? what people inherited up to 5% of Denisovan DNA?

Answer 34

-yes -Melanesians

Question 35

what did the denisovan genes in Melanesians do?

Answer 35

-lower the effects of the immune response against pathogens to prevent self harm by the immune system

Question 36

what did eight denisovan genes, and two denisovan genes in Modern Papuans do?

Answer 36

-eight: asociated with expression of proteins produced by two genes that produce B cells, which make antibodies for the immune system -two: reduce inflammation during the immune response

Question 37

did interbreeding between AMH and denisovans as well as Neanderthals provide a rapid acquisition of beneficial genes?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

what is the southernmost example of a denisovan or neanderthal fossil ever discovered?

Answer 38

-a denisovan or neanderthal molar found in SE asia

Question 39

what denisovan fossil suggests they lived not only in cold areas, but also in the tropics?

Answer 39

-penghu 1 mandible in Taiwan, was a male based off of Y chromosome

Question 40

is it known how denisovans differed in size between male and female?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

what is the controversy that revolved around the dragon man skull?

Answer 41

-it was a skull found that was believed to be a new relativ eto modern humans called Homo Longi, some scientists believed it was a denisovan due to similar skull shape to the denisovan mandible that was found in tibet -based off of DNA analysis, it was confirmed to be a denisovan

Question 42

genetic data extracted from small denisovan fossils have been used to do what 6 things?

Answer 42

1. reconstruct genetic relationships between denisovans, neanderthals, and AMH 2. detect and quantify denisovan ancestry in modern human populations 3. compare surviving denisovan segments in modern humans to infer multiple interbreeding events between distinct denisovan populations and modern humans 4. describe evolutionary relationships between different denisovan populations 5. identify which genes likely accelerated human adaptations to distinct environments 6. identify what genetic variants may be associated with human diseases

Question 43

alongside Papuans, do east asians also have some denisovan ancestry? how much percent of ancestry do east and south asians and indigenous americans have?

Answer 43

-yes -0.1%

Question 44

what percent of denisovan ancestry in oceania?

Answer 44

5%

Question 45

did denisovans have a large geographical range spanning Siberia, southeast asia, and oceania?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what 2 denisovan populations did east asians most likely interbreed with?

Answer 46

1. one closely related to the sequenced Altai denisovan individual 2. another more distantly related population

Question 47

with more DNA sequencing, we have learned that there were 3 denisovan introgression events, what were they?

Answer 47

1. a population closely related to the Altai denisovan individual primarily present in modern east asian populations 2. another population distantly related to the Altai denisovan, present in Papuans 3. one population that forms the major part of denisovan ancestry in Papuans

Question 48

do Philippines population demonstrate 25% more denisovan ancestry compared to Papuans?

Answer 48

yes

Question 49

were genetic differences between introgressing denisovan populations deep, meaning they occured long ago?

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

what are the 2 introgression events of denisovans?

Answer 50

1. two source populations introgressed into ancestral Papuan populations 46,000 and 30,000 years ago (before AMH in Sahul) 2. 25,000 years ago (After AMH in Sahul)

Question 51

does one study say Denisovans introgressed into east asia 48,000 years ago?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

what is something ancient denisovan DNA segments suggests about asians and Papuans and aboriginal Australians?

Answer 52

-DNA segments are derived from the same admixture events that contributed to present day mainland asians -Are distinct from the denisovan DNA segments present in Papuans and aboriginal Australians -suggests introgression from the denisovan lineage into east asians occured 40,000 years ago

Question 53

did Tibetans get the EPAS1 locus responsible for hypoxia tolerance from archaic denisovan like individuals?

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

are immune system traits frequent targets of adaptive introgression?

Answer 54

yes

Question 55

from what archaic human was the lipid metabolism (TBX15) gene seen in inuit introduced?

Answer 55

denisovans

Question 56

is TBX15 a gene responsible to adapting to life in the arctic?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

when did denisovans and neanderthal lineages diverge from a common ancestor?

Answer 57

400,000 years ago

Question 58

where did the diverged neanderthal and denisovan lineages settle? how many genetic changes did denisovans acquire?

Answer 58

-neanderthals settled in europe and west asia -denisovans settled in asia where they evolved separately, acquiring 300,000 genetic changes that differentiate them from neanderthals

Question 59

what is homo juluensis?

Answer 59

-a new human species used to classify ancient human relatives in Asia whose history are still being uncovered, would have lived 300,000 to 50,000 years ago and suggests that the denisovans are included into the species

Question 60

what is a ghost lineage?

Answer 60

-a statistically derived phenomenon where DNA clearly belongs to a distinct population, but we do not know which population

Question 61

was there gene flow from neanderthals into humans and the ancestor of humans into neanderthals?

Answer 61

yes

Question 62

into what lineage did the ghost lineage have gene flow with? what does this mean for the ghost lineage?

Answer 62

-denisovans -that it must have been in some area of eurasia at the same time as Neanderthals and denisovans

Question 63

what are the difficulties with the ghost lineage? what does this suggest? what is the only lineages at that time that was outside of africa?

Answer 63

-the ghost lineage contributed data to neanderthals and denisovans, meaning it was already a distinct lineage when these split from AMH -No indication that ghost lineage contributed to modern human lineage -suggests that ghost lineage was out of africa by the time modern human lineage started, only encountering neanderthal and denisovan ancestors once they migrated into eurasia -only lineages at that time out of Africa were variants of homo erectus

Question 64

was the ghost lineage a distinct branch of the human family tree roughly 2 million years ago? what does this suggest about homo erectus?

Answer 64

-yes -that a very early branch of homo erectus entered asia and remained isolated until the ancestors of neanderthals appeared 1 million years later

Question 65

what do most researchers feel about the neanderthals fate?

Answer 65

-some say they got replaced by AMH -some say they evolved into AMH

Question 66

are neanderthals mDNA 3 times as different from homo sapiens?

Answer 66

yes

Question 67

when did neanderthals as AMH split?

Answer 67

800,000-400,000 years ago

Question 68

do some scientists argue that neanderthals should be classified as a separate species (homo neanderthalensis) or a sub species (h. sapiens neanderthalensis)? do neanderthals and AMH demonstrate the gradual process of speciation over 400,000+ years?

Answer 68

yes to both

Question 69

what occured during the speciation events of neanderthals and AMH?

Answer 69

-the groups interbred where they were not geographically separate, but over time differentiation continued to a point where the two were distinctly different species

Question 70

when the neanderthals died out, were the two groups in the final stage of speciation, developing reproductive isolation from one another?

Answer 70

yes

Question 71

were neanderthals more robust and humans more gracile?

Answer 71

yes

Question 72

did the greater amounts of energy required for surviving in neanderthals due to being robust lead to their extinction? did humans survive due to being more gracile and needing less energy during times of rapid climate change and competition?

Answer 72

yes to both

Question 73

is tanning and sunburn in humans linked to neanderthal DNA?

Answer 73

yes

Question 74

what genes influence circadian rhythms in humans?

Answer 74

neanderthal genes, many non-africans have the genes which lead to daytime napping and being awake at night

Question 75

did neanderthals pass on protections from ancient viruses to humans through interbreeding?

Answer 75

yes