75-78

Question 1

what 2 populations of wolves did domesticated dogs come from?

Answer 1

-an eastern source that contributed to all dogs
-a separate, more westerly source that contributed to some dogs

Question 2

when did dog domestication and diversification begin?

Answer 2

40,000-20,000 ya

Question 3

are ancient and modern dogs more closely related to wolves in Asia than Europe? what does this suggest?

Answer 3

yes, that domestication and diversification may have started in Asia

Question 4

what are the two possible results of the contradictory finding of dogs in Europe, Siberia, and America being 100% derived from an eastern population of wolves?

Answer 4

-dogs were domesticated more than once, in different parts of the world
-dogs were domesticated first in the east, then mixed with a population of wild wolves

Question 5

what is Pitted Ware Culture (PWC)?

Answer 5

-a neolithic culture found in Scandinavia around 5,500-4,300 ya

Question 6

what are the characteristics of the PWC? why are they unusual?

Answer 6

-hunter gatherer culture, named for distinctive pottery decorated with deep pits along its circumference
used boats to conduct trade, fishing, travel, and hunting activities
-unusual because they have not incorporated agriculture into society

Question 7

do many neolithic cultures use dugout canoes made from hollowed-out tree logs?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

why is it thought the PWC used skin boats instead of dugout canoes to voyage across the sea?

Answer 8

cause canoes are not made for long voyages, due to likely being capsized due to small length

Question 9

if skin boats don’t preserve, how do they know they existed?

Answer 9

-Potential bone frames
-rock art depictions
-seal oil
-faunal remains

Question 10

what do the rock art images depict?

Answer 10

-depict fishing, whaling, and seal hunting activities, with many showing boats similar to skin boats

Question 11

were seals caught used for consumption and hide processing for clothes, tents, and skin boats?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

do skin boats require reapplying of seal oil, something which was found often at PWC sites?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

when did the plague become common in neolithic Europe?

Answer 13

5,200 ya

Question 14

what was the plague name?

Answer 14

yersinia pestis

Question 15

how many waves of the plague?

Answer 15

3 waves, first two small and contained while the third was more widespread

Question 16

did neolithic population in Europe decline dramatically (even though it was already low before the plague) when the plague hit its peak 5,600 ya?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

did immigration bring the plague?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

what is possibly a reason for boom-bust cycles in neolithic farming populations?

Answer 18

warfare

Question 19

did scientists try to see if climate was the cause of the boom-bust cycles but it came to be not the reason due to inconsistencies while warfare was consistent?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

what is an auroch?

Answer 20

the ancestor of domestic cattle which lived in Europe, Asia, and Africa before extinction

Question 21

when did aurochs go extinct?

Answer 21

400 ya

Question 22

how many auroch populations?

Answer 22

3 distinct auroch population, western Europe, Italian and balkan

Question 23

when was auroch domesticated?

Answer 23

10,000 ya becoming the first cattle

Question 24

what was found at swifterbant site, Netherlands?

Answer 24

-evidence for earliest cattle herds
-cattle were managed in a specific way, that being kept alongside crop farming

Question 25

when did relationships between humans, animals, and plants change?

Answer 25

6,240 ya

Question 26

how was the diet of cattle discovered from cattle bones?

Answer 26

by doing stable isotope analysis

Question 27

what was discovered about the diet from cattle bones?

Answer 27

-one herd had grazed in forests -the other had been pastured either on manure fields or in salt marshes -farmers managed livestock in complex ways

Question 28

what was discovered in Pyranees (Spain) during the early nelothic 7,500 ya from ancient ceramic vessels?

Answer 28

the first direct evidence of dairy products consumption and processing

Question 29

what is the Kurgan hypothesis?

Answer 29

the main hypothesis for horse domestication

Question 30

what does the Kurgan hypothesis propose?

Answer 30

-Steppe residents (the Yamnaya) of western Asia and the Black Sea built large burial mounds called kurgans, 6,000 ya they began to ride horses which allowed them to migrate across the continent and spread indo-european languages and culture across eurasia

Question 31

what is the evidence for the Kurgan hypothesis?

Answer 31

-at botai site, horse teeth show signs of being worn down by a bridle mouthpiece, which points to horse domestication in Kazakhstan around 5,500 ya, which is close to the Kurgan hypothesis time and support the theory

Question 32

what are the problems with the botai data?

Answer 32

-the horses were potentially hunted

Question 33

are the Yamnaya horses the ancestors to the first domesticated horses?

Answer 33

no, first domestic horses appear 4,000 ya

Question 34

when did horse domestication occur?

Answer 34

-occured in the black Steppes but much later than Kurgan hypothesis requires -human control began just before the explosive spread of horses and chariots in eurasia

Question 35

do the kurgans 4,500-5,000 ya also show signs of horse riding?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

who were the Yamnayans?

Answer 36

-pastoralists, herding cattle and sheep possibly on horseback -made burial mounds called kurgans

Question 37

what are the six traits that indicate riding activity (horseman syndrome)?

Answer 37

1. muscle attachment sites on pelvis and femur 2. changes in the normally round shape of hip sockets 3. imprint marks caused by pressure of the acetabular rim on the neck of the femur 4. diameter and form of the femur shaft 5. vertebral degeneration caused by repeated vertical impact 6. trauma from falls, kicks, and bites form horse

Question 38

is the primary use of horseback riding clear?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

are the exact origins of domesticated maize (corn) unclear?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

what does the earliest known evidence for a relative of maize, that being pollen from the Tehuacan Valley dated to?

Answer 40

80,000 ya, long before humans habitation of the new world

Question 41

has it been long argued that maize (Zea mays) was a domesricated form of a grass called Teosinte (Zea mexicana), which grows wild in cornfields? what was discovered later?

Answer 41

-yes -that teosinte is actually a hybrid of Zea Mays and another wild relative tripsacum (Zea tripsacum)

Question 42

is Maize thought to be domesticated separately in Mexico and South America, and cultivated in Mesoamerica by about 7,500 ya?

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

what were the characteristics of early maize and how was it changed?

Answer 43

-early forms had small, hard seeds, similar to popcorn -wild progenitor was probably a small plant with a single stalk with reduced husks covering the kernels -a single mutation resulted in reduction of the chaff, and larger kernels -human activity may have caused this mutation via selective breeding and accident

Question 44

what were the earliest crops?

Answer 44

-Leren -arrowroot -squash -bottle gourd -maize -manioc -peanuts -avacado -pacay, tree crop

Question 45

why was maize domesticated according to John Smalley and Michael Blake from UBC in 2003?

Answer 45

-maize was domesticated because of its key source of sugar for many sources -sugar for making alcohol as maize is a close relative to sugarcane -may have been domesticated due to social and spiritual concerns