63-66

Question 1

what is neolithic also known as?

Answer 1

-the new stone age

Question 2

what occurred during the neolithic?

Answer 2

-intensification of resource management

Question 3

what are the two parts of the early neolithic and what are their dates?

Answer 3

-pre-pottery neolithic A: 12,000-10,800 ya (late dry period)
-pre-pottery neolithic B: 10,800-8,500 ya (improved climate)

Question 4

what is domestication?

Answer 4

-human manipulation through artificial selection, either intentionally or unintentionally, results in genetic changes in a species that prove beneficial to humans

Question 5

what happened during the pre-pottery neolothic A?

Answer 5

-plant domstestication

Question 6

what happened during the pre-pottery neolithic B?

Answer 6

-farming

Question 7

what are the domesticated crops during the neolithic?

Answer 7

-cereals (wheat, barley), pulses (lentils, peas), legumes (bitter vetch, chickpeas)

Question 8

what are the major domesticated plants in SW Asia, SE Asia, North America, and South America?

Answer 8

SW Asia: wheat and barley
SE Asia: Rice and Millet
NA: corn
SA: potato and cotton

Question 9

what were the major domesticated animals in SW and W Asia, China and eastern Europe and when were they domesticated?

Answer 9

Dog: 25,000-20,000 ya (SW Asia, China)
Cow: 8,000 ya (SW Asia)
Sheep: 10,000-9,000 ya (SW Asia)
Goat: 10,000 ya (SW Asia)
Pig: 10,000 ya (SW Asia, China)
Horse: 6,000-7,000 ya (eastern Europe or western Asia)

Question 10

what is domestication syndrome?

Answer 10

the collection of physical and behavioural traits that are shared among domesticated animals

Question 11

what is the most widely shared change in domesticated animals?

Answer 11

tamer behavior compared to ancestors, people most likely selected for the trait via artificial selection

Question 12

are other domesticated traits that are shared usually less useful to humans and the animals themselves?

Answer 12

yes, smaller teeth, smaller faces, different color of fur, skin, and feathers etc.

Question 13

does selection for tamer behaviour cause other traits to be selected due to them all being linked by genes controlling neural crest cells?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

what is the new model of domestication syndrome?

Answer 14

-domestication is not caused by selecting animals for tameness but by unintended shared effects from the new domestic environment
-removal of pre-existing selection (domesticated animals are protected from predators, so wild traits to avoid them are lost)

Question 15

what are the four ways domestication disrupts natural selection shaping animals?

Answer 15

1. less fighting between males
2. fewer males for females to choose between
3. more reliable food and fewer predators
4. elevated maternal stress, which initially reduces the health and survival of offspring

Question 16

did humans domesticate sheep 8,000 ya in turkey?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

were human migrations fueled by sheep herding and exploitation of products?

Answer 17

yes, people brought their flocks with them when migrating

Question 18

why is early neolithic tech distinct from previous periods?

Answer 18

-early neolithic shifts away from bladelets and uses larger blades

Question 19

what is in the toolkit of early neolithic?

Answer 19

-sickles
-stone axes
-adzes
-grinding stones

Question 20

what appeared during the pre-pottery neolithic A when talking about settlements?

Answer 20

-the first evidence for communal structures

Question 21

what is the Jericho Tower?

Answer 21

-the most impressive communal structures form the pre-pottery neolithic A
-9 m high, undressed stone and mud brick
-attached to a massive wall

Question 22

did settlement size increase during the neolithic A and were the houses still circular but larger than natufian ones?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

what occurred during the neolithic B?

Answer 23

-round houses turned into rectangular houses
-settlement size increased
-rectangle houses allowed for more densely packed space
-villages had high degree of planning

Question 24

were skulls plastered during the neolithic?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

were there polished stone tools, ceramics, ploughs, and woven textiles during the neolithic?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

what is an egalitarian society? were neolithic people egalitarian?

Answer 26

-a society that recognizes few differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status -yes

Question 27

what was the late neolithic characterized by?

Answer 27

-pottery manufacture -large sites -symbolic artifacts

Question 28

did the importance of hunting continuously decline throughout the period?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

is early pottery linked to evidence for the use of cattle for their milk?

Answer 29

no, there is no evidence of cattle being used for milk

Question 30

when were sheep introduced in Egypt?

Answer 30

8,000 ya

Question 31

what type of sheep were prominent in Egypt until the backward shaped crescent horn Ammon sheep replaced them?

Answer 31

corkscrew horn sheep as they have been drawn heavily in hieroglyphics and in religious iconography

Question 32

what was discovered at the elite burial complex in Hierakonpolis, egypt dating to 5,700 ya?

Answer 32

oldest physical evidence of livestock horn modification and the first evidence for sheep

Question 33

why were sheep horns manipulated via fracturing the base of the horn core and then tying it together to heal it?

Answer 33

for elites to display their power by modifying their domestic animals

Question 34

what do the addax animal signify?

Answer 34

the spiral horns signify renewal of life and order over chaos

Question 35

what were focaccias?

Answer 35

a type of food made alongside bread in husking trays during the late neolithic 9,000 ya

Question 36

what are husking trays?

Answer 36

containers with a large oval base and low walls, distinctive for having rough impressions or incisions arranged repetitively and regularly on internal surface

Question 37

was focaccia developed over six centuries and practiced over a wide area of west Asia?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

what was domesticated in Tel Zaf, Jordan dating to 7,200-6,700 ya?

Answer 38

olive trees over many generations

Question 39

what do olive trees signify?

Answer 39

they signify luxury and people controlling land for generations

Question 40

did people trade fruit products from the olive trees?

Answer 40

yes