1.6 - Developments in Europe

Question 1

Magna Carta

Answer 1

a document signed in 1215 that limited the English king’s power and gave rights to nobles

Question 2

English Parliament

Answer 2

a council that helped govern England and approve laws and taxes

Question 3

Manors

Answer 3

large estates owned by noble, where peasants lived and worked

Question 4

Manorial System

Answer 4

an economic system where peasants farmed land for a lord in exchange for protection

Question 5

Three-field System

Answer 5

a farming method where land was split into three parts, rotating crops to keep soil healthy

Question 6

Feudalism

Answer 6

a system where land was given in exchange for loyalty and service, structuring society into classes

Question 7

Serfs

Answer 7

peasants who farmed land and could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission

Question 8

Primogeniture

Answer 8

a rule where the oldest son inherits all his father’s land and titles

Question 9

Bourgeoisie

Answer 9

the growing class of merchants and skilled workers in towns

Question 10

Burghers

Answer 10

town dwellers, often merchants or artisans, with some political rights

Question 11

Estates-General

Answer 11

an assembly in France made up of representatives from three classes: clergy, nobles, and townspeople

Question 12

Estates

Answer 12

the three main social classes in France: clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate), and commoners (Third Estate)

Question 13

Otto I

Answer 13

King of Germany who became Holy Roman Empire in 962, uniting parts of Central Europe

Question 14

Crusades

Answer 14

a series of religious wars where Christians tried to capture the Holy Land from Muslims

Question 15

Marco Polo

Answer 15

a venetian traveler whose stories about China increased European interest in Asia

Question 16

Renaissance

Answer 16

a “rebirth” of learning, art, and ideas in Europe, beginning in the 1300s

Question 17

Humanism

Answer 17

a focus on human potential and achievements, studied through art, literature, and history

Question 18

Lay Investiture Controversy

Answer 18

a conflict over who could appoint church officials - kings or the pope

Question 19

Great Schism

Answer 19

the split in 1054 between the Roman Catholic Church (west) and the Orthodox Church (east)

Question 20

Antisemitism

Answer 20

hatred or discrimination against Jewish people

Question 21

Little Ice Age

Answer 21

a period of cooler climate in Europe (about 1300-1800), leading to shorter growing seasons and famine