5.1 - The Enlightenment

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed

Question 2

Social Contract

Answer 2

agreement between people and government where people give up some freedoms for protection of rights

Question 3

Tabula Rasa

Answer 3

John Locke’s idea that people are born as a “blank slate” and knowledge comes from experience

Question 4

Philosophes

Answer 4

Enlightenment intellectuals in 18th-century France who promoted reason, progress, and secular government

Question 5

Baron Montesquieu

Answer 5

Enlightenment philosopher who proposed separation of power in government

Question 6

Voltaire

Answer 6

French Enlightenment writer who advocated for civil liberties, religious tolerance, and free speech

Question 7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 7

Enlightenment thinker who believed in popular sovereignty and direct democracy

Question 8

Enlightenment

Answer 8

18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority

Question 9

Deism

Answer 9

belief that God created the universe but does not intervene; stresses reason and observation of the natural world

Question 10

Liberalism

Answer 10

political philosophy advocating for individual rights, civil liberties, and limited government

Question 11

Conservatism

Answer 11

political philosophy promoting tradition, social stability, and authority

Question 12

Empiricism

Answer 12

the theory that knowledge comes from experience and evidence, especially observation and experiments

Question 13

Nationalism

Answer 13

belief in the interests and culture of one’s nation; desire for self government

Question 14

Classical Liberalism

Answer 14

19th-century ideology emphasizing individual freedoms, limited government, and free markets

Question 15

Feminism

Answer 15

movement for women’s rights and equality between the sexes

Question 16

Abolitionism

Answer 16

movement to end slavery

Question 17

Zionism

Answer 17

movement for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Question 18

Anti-Semitism

Answer 18

prejudice and discrimination against Jews

Question 19

Theodor Herzl (Zionism)

Answer 19

founder of modern Zionism; advocated for a Jewish state

Question 20

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 20

political scandal in France involving false conviction of Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus; highlighted anti-Semitism

Question 21

Adam Smith

Answer 21

economist; wrote “The Wealth of Nations”; promoted capitalism and free markets

Question 22

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 22

Adams Smith’s book (1776) which laid the foundations for capitalism

Question 23

Laissez-Faire

Answer 23

economic philosophy of minimal government interference in business

Question 24

Capitalism

Answer 24

economic system based on private ownership and free markets

Question 25

Socialism

Answer 25

economic system where production is owned or regulated by the community or government

Question 26

Utopian Socialist

Answer 26

early socialist who aimed to create ideal societies through cooperative communities

Question 27

Henry de Saint-Simon

Answer 27

utopian socialist who believed in industrial development led by scientists and engineers

Question 28

Charles Fourier

Answer 28

utopian socialist who proposed by self-sufficient, cooperative communities (phalansteries)

Question 29

Robert Owen

Answer 29

utopian socialist who founded model communities to improve working and living conditions