1e 8

Question 1

Key aspects of advantages include

Answer 1

• Relativity
• Context-dependence
• Scope of competition
• Focus on competitiveness

Question 2

What types of advantages should firms transfer internationally?

Answer 2

• Unique or firm specific advantages
• Home-based assets not superior domestically
• General attributes and access to resources shared by the home country or industry

Question 3

Non-transferability arises primarily from two causes:

Answer 3

• Geographical specificity
• Tacit knowledge

Question 4

What are the key managerial implications for enhancing advantage transferability?

Answer 4

• Broaden their view of advantages
• Redefine non-transferable advantages
• Consider different operational modes
• Select target countries strategically
• Invest in complementary assets
• Anticipate effort and adaption

Question 5

Two patterns of internationalization (Uppsala)

Answer 5

• Establishment chain
• Psychic distance

Question 6

Uppsala criticisms and limitations:

Answer 6

• Determinism
• Early stages focus
• Decreased psychic distance
• Interdependence
• Service industries

Question 7

Implications of internationalization:

Answer 7

• Knowledge acquisition
• Entry and development
• Model extension
• Personal relationships

Question 8

The changing international environment, These changes include:

Answer 8

• Increased speed, quality, and efficiency of international communication and transportation
• Increasing homogenization of many international markets
• Greater international experience and exposure of business leaders and entrepreneurs
• Internationally sustainable advantage increasingly depends on unique assets

Question 9

Four necessary elements fur sustainable INVs:

Answer 9

1. Internalization of transactions
2. Alternative governance structures
3. foreign location advantages
4. unique resources

Question 10

Types of INVs

Answer 10

• New international market makers
• Geographicaly focused start-ups
• Global start-ups

Question 11

Two crucial aspects of LOF:

Answer 11

• Relative nature
• Dynamic nature

Question 12

Nonmarket strategies serve multiple critical roles for firms:

Answer 12

• Rent seeking or burden lifting
• Handicaping competitors
• Unlocking opportunities
• Defense
• Attracting customers with social preferences
• value creation for the future

Question 13

institutional isomorphic change occurs through three mechanisms:

Answer 13

• Coercive isomorphism
• Mimetic isomorphism
• Normative isomorphism

Question 14

predictors of isomorphic change (organizational-level predictors):

Answer 14

• dependence
• resource centralization
• means-ends uncertainty
• goal ambiguity
• academic credentials
• professional association participation