IEM final

Question 1

Institutional voids key characteristics:

Answer 1

• Lead to high transaction costs
• Create information asymmetry
• Make markets inefficient or inaccessible
• Can be both formal (laws) and informal (norms, culture)
• can also be viewed as opportunity spaces

Question 2

Institutional intermedaries functions:

Answer 2

• reduce uncertainty
• lower transaction costs
• increase trust

Question 3

Institutional voids strategic responses:

Answer 3

• internalization
• substitution
• institutional borrowing
• signaling

Question 4

EMNE-strategy determinants:

Answer 4

• country of origin
• global context
• stage of evolution
• industry characteristics

Question 5

Springboard perspective (internalization to comercome latercomer disadvantages), key motivations:

Answer 5

• Acquire technology and knowledge
• Overcome latecomer disadvantages
• Compete with and challenge rivals
• Bypass trade barriers

Question 6

Ownership Advantages (OLI).
Firms must possess specific advantages in order to operate successfully in international markets, which framework:

Answer 6

RAT (exploiting existing capabilities)
- Relevant
- Appropriable
- Transferable

CAT (developing new capabilities)
- Complementary
- Appropriable
- Transferable

Question 7

Institutional capabilities (Skills/routines om met institutionele zwakte om te gaan), three dimensions:

Answer 7

1. Network penetration
2. Relational contracting
3. Business model innovation

Question 8

Types of Entrepreneurial Opportunities:

Answer 8

1. Self-employment (replication)
2. Discovery (recognizing existing opportunities)
3. Creation (creating new opports)

Question 9

Types of social entrepreneurs:

Answer 9

1. Social Bricoleurs (local)
2. Social Constructionists (Scalable
3. Social Engineers (systematic change)

Question 10

Context and innovation (Autio et al.) six dimensions:

Answer 10

• industry
• organizational
• institutional
• social
• temporal
• spatial

Question 11

Tripod of locally focused institutional intermediaries:

Answer 11

• Family
• Suppliers
• Peers

Question 12

Exportstrategy, three strategic choices:

Answer 12

• Cost leadership vs differentiation
• Standardization vs adaptation
• geograpical diversification

Question 13

Paralley play, proces:

Answer 13

1. Borrowing from peers
2. Testing assumptions
3. Pausing before scaling