O&E: Cognitive school

Question 1

The cognitive school has 2 wings:

Answer 1

1. Positivistic/bjective: Strategy = accurate view of reality
2. Subjective: Strategy = personal perception creates reality

Question 2

Cognition as confusion (biases) from the objectivist wing:

Answer 2

1. Metaphors/analogy
2. Illusion of control
3. Escalating commitment
4. Single outcome calculation

Question 3

Smirich & Stubbart presented 3 competing conceptions of the environment:

Answer 3

1. The objective environment
2. The perceived environment
3. The enacted environment

Question 4

Cognition as information processing:

Answer 4

• Attention
• Encoding
• Storage/retrieval
• Routines
• Decision
• Outcomes

Question 5

Examples of biases are:

Answer 5

• Confirmation bias
• Inconsistency bias
• Conservatism/status quo bias
• Recency
• Availability
• Anchoring
• Illusory correlations
• Selective perception
• Attribution/failure
• Optimism
• Underestimating uncertainty

Question 6

Premises of the cognitive school:

Answer 6

• Strategy formation is cognitive process
• Strategies emerge as perspectives
• Inputs are: distorted by filters (objective) and interpretations only exist in perception (subjective)

Question 7

Limitations of the cognitive school:

Answer 7

• Focus on distortions, not concept formation
• Assumes group = individual bias
• Focus on restrictions > opportunities
• Reality as social construct questioned