3.1

Question 1

cytology

Answer 1

identify characteristic cytopathic effect in tissues

Question 2

what is cytology most often used for

Answer 2

screening cancer

Question 3

is EM a standard diagnostic test

Answer 3

no

Question 4

Electron microscopy does what

Answer 4

allows for detection and identification of the virus

Question 5

enteric viruses can be detected through what

Answer 5

stool sample

Question 6

viral isolation and growth is used for what

Answer 6

to identify new viruses

Question 7

2 forms of detection of viral proteins

Answer 7

hemagglutination
antigen detection

Question 8

antigen detection is usually done by what methods

Answer 8

antibody system methods

Question 9

hemagglutinin/hemadsorption

Answer 9

a viral glycoprotein that binds and infects cell surface

Question 10

hemagglutinin assay

Answer 10

if there’s a virus red blood cells will aggregate - they bind RBCs and clump them

Question 11

with Elisa, if there’s no antigen present then what

Answer 11

then there’s no indicator

Question 12

3 types of Elisa detection

Answer 12

direct elisa
indirect elisa
sandwich Elisa

Question 13

direct elisa

Answer 13

one antibody binding antigen

Question 14

indirect elisa

Answer 14

2 antibodies

Question 15

sandwich Elisa

Answer 15

3 antibodies - third antibody is to measure if its an antigen against a human antibody

Question 16

serology can be used to identify (3)

Answer 16

virus and its strain or serotype
stage of disease
primary infection or a reinfection

Question 17

what antibody is present in first 2-3 weeks of primary infection

Answer 17

IgM

Question 18

what antibody is present later during infection or reinfection

Answer 18

IgG

Question 19

serology

Answer 19

study of the antibodies in the blood to detect past or current infection

Question 20

anti - IgG in ELISA binds what

Answer 20

the antibody from the blood sample

Question 21

serology tests (4)

Answer 21

elisa
HIV rapid test
neutralization
hemagglutination

Question 22

detection of nucleic acids is usually done how

Answer 22

mostly done by amplification methods

Question 23

detection of nucleic acids

Answer 23

PCR
reverse transcriptase PCR
real time PCR
LAMP
genome sequencing

Question 24

PCR does what

Answer 24

amplifies DNA fragments of virus

Question 25

RT-PCR does what

Answer 25

reverse transcriptase of retroviruses convert viral RNA to DNA before PCR amplification

Question 26

real time PCR

Answer 26

can be used to quantitate the amount of DNA or RNA

Question 27

steps of PCR amplification

Answer 27

denaturation at 94 (heat) annealing of DNA primers at 55 (cool) amplification as polymerase extends primer at 72

Question 28

does PCR amplification result in exponential amplification

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

for quantification of virions (infectious particles) what do you need to do (2)

Answer 29

plaque titration endpoint dilution assay

Question 30

qPCR uses what

Answer 30

a florescent dye

Question 31

in qPCR, fluorescence will only glow if

Answer 31

its bound to dsDNA

Question 32

new PCR version to not go through all the temperature cycles

Answer 32

LAMP

Question 33

how does LAMP work without heat and what is the result

Answer 33

it makes its own hairpin primers and creates al kinds of sizes of products

Question 34

LAMP goes through what after amplification

Answer 34

later flow assay to determine whether the target DNA/RNA is present

Question 35

purpose of viral diagnosis (4)

Answer 35

confirm clinical diagnosis by identifying viral agent of infection determine appropriate antiviral therapy define the course of disease monitor disease epidemiology

Question 36

3 detection of viral protein

Answer 36

hemagglutination, western blot, ELISA

Question 37

3 detection of viral antibodies (serology)

Answer 37

ELIDA virus neutralization hemagluttination