3.2

Question 1

vaccines reduce incidence of

Answer 1

infectious disease

Question 2

prophylactic

Answer 2

prevention

Question 3

therapeutic

Answer 3

treatment

Question 4

passive immunization

Answer 4

injection of antibodies to a virus providing rapid temporary protection

Question 5

pre exposure passive immunity

Answer 5

to protect immunodeficient individuals (newborns)

Question 6

active vaccination

Answer 6

vaccination with an antigen from an infectious disease

Question 7

post exposure passive immunization

Answer 7

to prevent of improve symptoms of an ongoing disease

Question 8

herd immunity

Answer 8

the proportion of subjects with immunity in a given population

Question 9

point of active vaccination

Answer 9

immune response will elicit a stronger response upon secondary exposure

Question 10

attenuated virus

Answer 10

replicating

Question 11

types of attenuated viruses vaccines (2)

Answer 11

conventional
genetically engineered

Question 12

non infectious virus

Answer 12

non-replicating

Question 13

types of non infectious vaccines (5)

Answer 13

inactivated
recombinant viral proteins
viral peptides
virus like particles
nucleic acid based vaccines (DNA/RNA)

Question 14

vectored vaccines

Answer 14

replicating/non replicating

Question 15

vectored vaccines (1)

Answer 15

vectors (adenovirus, herpesvirus)

Question 16

what is a vectored vaccine

Answer 16

taking attenuated virus and genetically modifying it so it expresses whatever protein you want it to

Question 17

types of vaccines (3)

Answer 17

attenuated
non-infectious
vectored

Question 18

some conditions that facilitate development and application of an effective anti viral vaccine (3)

Answer 18

virus causes significant illness
virus exists as one serotype
vaccine is heat stable so it can be easily transported

Question 19

why must viruses exist as one serotype

Answer 19

it must have one surface antigen so the antibody can bind to it

Question 20

eradication

Answer 20

completely removing from earth

Question 21

challenges with vaccine development (specifically what challenging viruses)

Answer 21

viruses that cause persistent chronic or latent infections
viruses with large heterogeneity (many serotypes and isolates)

Question 22

some practical considerations

Answer 22

stable temp
fewer vaccines
low cost

Question 23

what do live-attenuated vaccines do to the immune system

Answer 23

naturally activate it

Question 24

sources of live - attenuated vaccines (4)

Answer 24

naturally occurring
serial passage in tissue culture
serial passage in heterologous natural host
genetically engineered

Question 25

serial passage in tissue culture

Answer 25

the virus gets passed through a non- natural environment like monkey tissue multiple times. its virulence goes down because of the mutations it accumulates, and it can be considered for a vaccine

Question 26

inactivated virus are used when

Answer 26

against a virus that causes serious disease or have lethal or oncogenic potential (or a lytic phase)

Question 27

whats an adjuvant

Answer 27

a compound to enhance the immune responses to a vaccine

Question 28

characteristic of inactivated vaccines

Answer 28

contains a virus that has been chemically killed, but an adjuvant is added to retain immunogenicity

Question 29

recombinant subunit vaccines

Answer 29

consist of viral components (viral attachement proteins) that elicit an immune response

Question 30

do recombinant subunit vaccines need an adjuvant

Answer 30

yes or as VLP (virus like particle)

Question 31

adjuvant is used on what kind of vaccines

Answer 31

inactivated and subunit

Question 32

what do adjuvants attract

Answer 32

APCs

Question 33

define vector

Answer 33

a virus that has low virulence, containing a gene coding for a protective antigen of interest

Question 34

is a vectored vaccine replicating or not

Answer 34

can be be either

Question 35

what kind of response for incompetent (inactivated and subunit vaccines)? how many shots required

Answer 35

only humoral (antibody) at least 2 shots required

Question 36

duration of immunity for incompetent vaccines

Answer 36

short

Question 37

immune response of replication competent vaccines

Answer 37

humoral and cell mediated

Question 38

cell mediated immunity

Answer 38

T cell response

Question 39

how many doses required for replication competent vaccines

Answer 39

usually 1

Question 40

duration of immunity for replication competent vaccines

Answer 40

long duration

Question 41

why are DNA vaccines harder than RNA vaccines

Answer 41

DNA ones have to get to the nucleus

Question 42

do DNA/RNA vaccines need an adjuvant

Answer 42

no

Question 43

immune response of DNA/RNA vaccines

Answer 43

both humoral and cell mediated

Question 44

what mediates RNA vaccine travel

Answer 44

lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)

Question 45

what does the mRNA of RNA vaccines encode

Answer 45

a gene sequence that encodes for a part of the virus (usually a spike protein or capsid protein)

Question 46

are RNA or DNA vaccines safer

Answer 46

RNA

Question 47

transdermal delivery of antibodies (5)

Answer 47

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