A.1.2

Question 1

Hormones?

Answer 1

Hormones are molecules that are released in one part of the body but regulate the activity of cells in other parts of the body

Question 2

Negative feedback loop?

Answer 2

are stabilising, reducing changes to maintain a stable state likehomeostasis (e.g sweating)

Question 3

Positive feedback loop?

Answer 3

destabilising, making changes from a systems initial state (e.g childbirth)

Question 4

Circulating hormones?

Answer 4

travel around the body via the blood (e.g adrenaline and testosterone)

Question 5

Local hormones?

Answer 5

act on neighbouring cells without entering the blood (e.g glucagon)

Question 6

Types of hormones: (6 but actually 8)

Answer 6

Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Insulin and glucagon
Antidiuretic
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

Question 7

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (5)

Answer 7

• Released from the adrenal gland
• Increase heart rate and force of contraction
• Increase cardiac output
• Increase blood flow to heart
• norepinephrine always plays a role in waking up from a deep sleep

Question 8

Insulin and glucagon (4)

Answer 8

• Produced by the pancreas
• Regulate blood sugar conc
• Insulin helps get glucose into cells
• Glucagon increases breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose

Question 9

Antidiuretic (2)

Answer 9

• Produced by pituitary gland
• Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood

Question 10

Oestrogen (2)

Answer 10

• Female sex hormone produced in ovaries
• Promotes body growth, pelvis, breast development, secondary sex charactersitics

Question 11

Progesterone (2)

Answer 11

• Female sex hormone produced in ovaries
• Key role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Question 12

Testosterone (2)

Answer 12

• Male sex hormone produced in testes
• Development of sperm and secondary characteristics

Question 13

Homeostasis - normal blood glucose level (5)

Stimulus (eating sugary foods)

Stimulus (skipping a meal)

1. Decrease in blood glucose levels
2. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood
3. Liver breaks down glycogen to releases glucose
4. Blood glucose levels rise (back to normal)

Answer 13

1. Rising blood glucose levels
2. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood
3. Body cells take up more glucose
4. Liver converts the glucose to glycogen and stores it
5. Blood glucose levels decreases (back to normal)

Question 14

Homeostasis - normal blood glucose level (4)

Stimulus (skipping a meal)

Answer 14

1. Decrease in blood glucose levels
2. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood
3. Liver breaks down glycogen to releases glucose
4. Blood glucose levels rise (back to normal)