Ecological model
Movement comes from the interactions between the indivaulad and the environment
Ecological dynamic systems
A model that describes how individuals continually reorganize the human movement system in response to perceived events.
Dynamical systems theory: (2)
- Is a major contributor to ecological dynamics
theory - Dynamical systems theory explains how complex systems with many
interacting components self-organize.
Self organizing shaped by (dynamical systems theory) (3)
- Personal constraints
- height
- weight
- motivation
- Task constraints
- Rules
- Size of equipment
- Playing on particular surface
- Environmental constraints
- Low/high light
- Temperature
- Altitude
- Wind
how movement skills are learned and adapted in dynamic environments? (3)
Adaptation
Perception action coupling
Affordance
Explain Adaptation? (2)
- Continuous reorganisation of components
- Based on performance variability
Explain Perception action coupling? (2)
- Stimulus response (SR) bond
- Environmental cues
Explain Affordance?
- The possibilities present by the environment
- Action possibilites
- Good defence leads to lower affordances
Open loop (3)
- No feedback
- Rapid movements
- Single command action - no adjustment
Closed loop (2)
Feedback occurs
Closed loop lvl 1 (3)
- Feedback occurs during the execution of the moment
- via the muscles NOT the brain
- Single channel hypothesis (only 1 response)
Closed loop lvl 2 (4)
- Feedback occurs during the execution of the moment
- It has 2 loops of feedback - one via muscles, one via brain
- Memory trace - how we respond to open skills
- Multi channel hypothesis
Scheme theory:
- Novel/creativity responses that solves an issue in a sporting example
Generalised motor program (GMP) -
set of pre-structured muscle commands (stored in the brain) that controls a movement pattern
3 ways things can be adapted
- Sequence of muscle contractions
- Forces of contraction - get a different technique
- How long their is between each sequence contractions
Recall scheme? (2)
- Initial conditions
- Information about the starting situation before the movement begins.
- Includes body position, environment, and task demands.
- Standing position and distance from the basket before a basketball shot. - Response specification
- Information about how the movement should be performed.
- Includes force, speed, and muscle sequencing
- How much force to apply when shooting the ball.
Recognition scheme?
- Sensory consequences
- How the movement felt during execution.
- Includes balance, grip, muscle tension, and body awareness.
- Feeling balanced and having good control of the ball during a shot. - Outcome (Knowledge of Results)
- Information about the success of the movement.
- Can be internal or external feedback.
- Whether the ball went into the basket or missed.
Attention
is essential forsuccessful skilled performance in sport and exercise,involving theconcentration of mental activity on relevant tasks.
3 types Cognitive dimensions?
Concentration
Selective Attention:
Divided Attention:
What is Concentration
Actively investing mental effort into crucial aspects of performance (e.g., focusing on ball contact rather than crowd distractions).
What is Selective Attention:
Ability to filter out distractions and focus specifically on task-relevant information (e.g., tracking the ball’s trajectory despite goalkeeper movements).
What is Divided Attention:
Capacity developed through practice to simultaneously manage multiple tasks or actions (e.g., passing the ball accurately while looking in another direction).
4 types of attentional control?
Broad attentional focus
Narrow attentional focus
External attentional focus
Internal attentional focus
What is with example Broad attentional focus
- Ability to perceive multiple events simultaneously.
- Example:Ice hockey player monitoring puck position, opponents, and shooting opportunities.
