Motivation
is defined as thedirection(choice of activity) andintensity(level of effort) an individual applies
Direction of effort
- describes whether an individual is attracted to seek out and approaches certain situations
Intensity of effort
- describes the amount of effort a person exerts
Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC)
- measures whether people feel their actions are driven by internal, self-determined reasons (intrinsic) or external, coercive pressures (extrinsic)
Additive Principle
- suggests that extrinsic rewards can enhance intrinsic motivation but can also reduce it in some cases
Intrinsic Motivation (2)
- Comes from within the individual
- Driven by personal satisfaction, enjoyment, excitement, fun, and personal growth (e.g., developing new skills in sport).
Extrinsic Motivation (2)
- Driven by external rewards.
- Includes tangible rewards (e.g., money, trophies, prizes) and intangible rewards (e.g., praise, recognition, status).
5 motivation factors?
- Direction:Choosing to engage
- Effort:Committing time and energy
- Persistence:Continuing involvement regardless of set back
- Intensity:Giving high effort
- Performance:Achieving consistent improvement over time
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (2)
- Controlling rewards (tangible award - trophies) can undermine intrinsic motivation at a particular task, while informational rewards (verbal prasie) increase it.
- how you reward someone determines whether they keep doing a task because they love it, or because they want the priz
Need Achievement Theory (NAT)
explains howpersonality and situationalfactors interact toinfluence motivation, emotions, and behavior in sports performance.
- Motive to Achieve Success (MAS):
Thedrive to succeed and experience pride.
- Motive to Avoid Failure (MAF):
Thefear of failure and so avoids difficult tasks, and prefers easy wins to avoid shame
Goal setting
A psychological framework that explains how individuals define and experience success in achievement settings, influencing their motivation and behavior
High ego orientation(2)
- Means an athlete is focused on outperforming others
- High ego orientation can be beneficial only when athletes believe strongly in their abilities
Perceived ability
- There belief in their own competence.
When PA is high (4)
- High ego orientation can bepositive
- Athletes feelconfident, motivated, and more likely to enjoy and engagein the activity
- This often leads tobetter performance
When PA is low (3)
- High ego orientation becomesproblematic
- Athletes may feelanxious, stressed, or frustrated, especially after losing
- This reduces motivation andengagement, and may even lead todropout or avoidance behaviours
Problems with high ego orientation (4)
- Lack of focus on personal goals and improvement
- Over-focus on winning and comparison with others
- Reduced collaboration and teamwork
- Less effective in achieving team and individual goals
How HEO impacts the enjoyment and satisfaction (4)
- Activity becomes competition-focused rather than enjoyable
- Can reduce intrinsic motivation
- Lower enjoyment and satisfaction from sport or exercise
- May decrease long-term commitment to physical activity
