A2: UA

Question 1

Which group of axillary lymph nodes is also referred to as the “anterior” group? A. Subscapular B. Humeral C. Pectoral D. Apical

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The pectoral group of lymph nodes drains the anterior thoracic wall and most of the breast particularly the __________ quadrants.

Answer 2

Lateral

Question 3

Which of the following areas are drained by the Pectoral (anterior) group of axillary nodes? A. Anterior thoracic wall B. Scapular region C. Anterior abdominal wall above the umbilicus D. Lateral hand

Answer 3

A C

Question 4

Describe the role and importance of the Central group of axillary lymph nodes.

Answer 4

The Central group acts as a collection hub within the axilla. It receives lymph from the pectoral

Question 5

Which lymphatic structure is formed by the efferent vessels of the apical lymph nodes? A. Thoracic duct B. Subclavian lymphatic trunk C. Bronchomediastinal trunk D. Right lymphatic duct

Answer 5

B

Question 6

The __________ group of axillary nodes receives lymph from the central group and the lymphatics accompanying the cephalic vein.

Answer 6

Apical

Question 7

Identify the areas drained by the Subscapular (posterior) group of axillary nodes. A. Scapular region B. Posterior shoulder C. Posterior thoracic wall D. Lateral arm

Answer 7

A B C

Question 8

Outline the general flow of lymph through the axillary node groups from peripheral to deep.

Answer 8

Lymph typically flows from the peripheral groups (Anterior/Pectoral

Question 9

What percentage of mammary gland lymph typically drains into the axillary lymph nodes? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 95%

Answer 9

C

Question 10

The principal axillary route for mammary drainage especially from lateral quadrants is Pectoral group → Central group → __________ group.

Answer 10

Apical

Question 11

Which nodes serve as secondary or minor drainage routes for the mammary gland? A. Parasternal nodes B. Posterior intercostal nodes C. Cubital nodes D. Abdominal (subdiaphragmatic) nodes

Answer 11

A B D

Question 12

Why is the parasternal drainage pathway of the mammary gland clinically significant?

Answer 12

This pathway is important because it allows for cross-drainage to the opposite breast and provides a route for the spread of cancer to the mediastinal nodes.

Question 13

Medial quadrants of the breast drain primarily to which nodes? A. Humeral nodes B. Parasternal nodes C. Cubital nodes D. Subscapular nodes

Answer 13

B

Question 14

Superficial lymphatics of the upper limb that accompany the cephalic vein drain into __________ nodes before reaching the apical group.

Answer 14

Infraclavicular

Question 15

The Humeral (lateral) axillary nodes receive lymph from which of the following? A. Most of the upper limb B. Deep structures like muscles and joints C. Lymphatics accompanying the basilic vein D. Lateral quadrants of the breast

Answer 15

A B C

Question 16

Explain the drainage pathway of the lateral side of the superficial upper limb.

Answer 16

Lymph from the lateral hand

Question 17

Which group of nodes is the first destination for superficial lymphatics accompanying the basilic vein? A. Infraclavicular nodes B. Cubital nodes C. Subscapular nodes D. Parasternal nodes

Answer 17

B

Question 18

Deep lymphatics of the upper limb accompany deep arteries and veins to drain directly into the __________ group of axillary nodes.

Answer 18

Humeral (or Lateral)

Question 19

Deep drainage of the upper limb includes lymph from which structures? A. Periosteum B. Deep fascia C. Joints D. Skin of the lateral hand

Answer 19

A B C

Question 20

How does the drainage of the mammary gland relate to clinical management in breast cancer?

Answer 20

The drainage patterns determine the metastatic pattern (where cancer is likely to spread)

Question 21

Lymph from the medial hand and forearm travels along which vein? A. Cephalic vein B. Azygos vein C. Basilic vein D. Internal thoracic vein

Answer 21

C

Question 22

The apical group of nodes forms the __________ lymphatic trunk.

Answer 22

Subclavian

Question 23

Which structures are drained by the Subscapular (posterior) group? A. Posterior thoracic wall B. Scapular region C. Posterior shoulder D. Anterior abdominal wall

Answer 23

A B C

Question 24

Contrast the drainage of the lateral vs. medial superficial upper limb.

Answer 24

The lateral side follows the cephalic vein to the infraclavicular and then apical nodes. The medial side follows the basilic vein to the cubital nodes and then the humeral (lateral) axillary group.

Question 25

Where do the parasternal lymph nodes lie? A. Along the axillary artery B. Along the internal thoracic vessels C. Along the cephalic vein D. Along the basilic vein

Answer 25

B

Question 26

Some deep portions of the mammary gland drain to __________ intercostal nodes.

Answer 26

Posterior

Question 27

Which nodes might receive lymph from the inferior quadrants of the breast? A. Abdominal (subdiaphragmatic) nodes B. Hepatic nodes C. Cubital nodes D. Apical nodes

Answer 27

A B

Question 28

What happens to lymph after it leaves the subclavian lymphatic trunk on the left side of the body?

Answer 28

On the left side

Question 29

Which group drains the posterior shoulder? A. Pectoral B. Humeral C. Subscapular D. Central

Answer 29

C

Question 30

Lymphatics accompanying the __________ vein may bypass infraclavicular nodes to drain directly into the apical group.

Answer 30

Cephalic

Question 31

Identify the components of the minor routes of mammary drainage. A. Posterior intercostal nodes B. Subdiaphragmatic pathway C. Humeral group D. Parasternal nodes

Answer 31

A B

Question 32

Summarize the drainage of the skin of the upper limb.

Answer 32

Skin drainage is superficial and follows two main pathways: the cephalic pathway (lateral) leading to infraclavicular/apical nodes and the basilic pathway (medial) leading to cubital/humeral nodes.

Question 33

The apical group receives lymph from the central group and which other source? A. Parasternal nodes B. Cephalic vein lymphatics C. Posterior intercostal nodes D. Hepatic nodes

Answer 33

B

Question 34

The humeral group is also known as the __________ group.

Answer 34

Lateral

Question 35

Which node groups drain into the Central axillary group? A. Pectoral B. Subscapular C. Humeral D. Apical

Answer 35

A B C

Question 36

Describe the subdiaphragmatic pathway of mammary drainage.

Answer 36

This is an inferior pathway where lymph from the inferior quadrants of the breast may drain toward abdominal subdiaphragmatic nodes and even hepatic nodes. It represents a potential route for abdominal metastasis.

Question 37

Which group drains the anterior abdominal wall above the umbilicus? A. Humeral B. Subscapular C. Pectoral D. Central

Answer 37

C

Question 38

Lymph from the lateral hand drains along the __________ vein.

Answer 38

Cephalic

Question 39

What are the primary drainage destinations for the medial side of the superficial upper limb? A. Cubital nodes B. Humeral lateral group C. Infraclavicular nodes D. Apical group

Answer 39

A B

Question 40

What is the final destination of the subclavian trunk on the right side?

Answer 40

On the right side the subclavian trunk typically drains into the right lymphatic duct which then enters the right venous angle junction of the right internal jugular and subclavian veins.

Question 41

Most of the upper limb lymph excluding cephalic vein lymphatics drains to A. Pectoral group B. Humeral group C. Subscapular group D. Parasternal group

Answer 41

B

Question 42

Drainage of the breast determines metastatic pattern __________ and surgical management.

Answer 42

Staging

Question 43

Which structures are drained by deep lymphatics? A. Muscles B. Joints C. Periosteum D. Skin

Answer 43

A B C

Question 44

Explain why the humeral nodes are also called lateral nodes based on their drainage area.

Answer 44

They are called lateral nodes because they are positioned laterally in the axilla and receive the bulk of the lymph from the lateral aspect of the body specifically the majority of the upper limb.

Question 45

The collection hub of the axilla is the A. Pectoral group B. Apical group C. Central group D. Infraclavicular group

Answer 45

C

Question 46

On the __________ side of the body the subclavian trunk drains into the right lymphatic duct.

Answer 46

Right

Question 47

Which of the following are true regarding the cephalic pathway? A. It drains the lateral hand and forearm B. It passes through infraclavicular nodes C. It leads to the apical group D. It leads to the cubital nodes

Answer 47

A B C

Question 48

What is the anatomical location of the cubital nodes?

Answer 48

Cubital nodes also called supratrochlear or epitrochlear nodes are located in the region of the elbow specifically along the path of the basilic vein.

Question 49

Which group of nodes is most likely to be involved first in metastasis from a lateral breast tumor? A. Parasternal B. Pectoral C. Subscapular D. Humeral

Answer 49

B

Question 50

The pectoral group is also known as the __________ group.

Answer 50

Anterior