AP7: CAL

Question 1

Which of the following best defines pathologic calcification? Options: A. Normal deposition of calcium in bone osteoid B. Deposition of calcium in dental enamel C. Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than osteoid or enamel D. Systemic increase in serum calcium levels

Answer 1

C. Abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than osteoid or enamel

Question 2

In pathologic calcification together with calcium small amounts of ______ iron and other mineral salts are also deposited

Answer 2

Magnesium

Question 3

Pathologic calcification is divided into which two main types? Options: A. Physiological calcification B. Dystrophic calcification C. Metastatic calcification D. Enamel calcification

Answer 3

B C

Question 4

Dystrophic calcification occurs in which type of tissues? Options: A. Normal tissues with high serum calcium B. Dead and degenerated tissues C. Healthy tissues with low phosphate levels D. Rapidly dividing stem cells

Answer 4

B. Dead and degenerated tissues

Question 5

Describe the status of plasma calcium and phosphate levels in Dystrophic Calcification

Answer 5

In Dystrophic Calcification both plasma calcium levels and phosphate levels remain normal The calcification is a local reaction to tissue damage rather than a systemic mineral imbalance

Question 6

Dystrophic calcification is encountered in areas of which types of necrosis? Options: A. Coagulative necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Liquefactive necrosis D. Enzymatic necrosis of fat

Answer 6

A B C D

Question 7

Calcification found in degenerated atheromatous plaques is an example of Options: A. Metastatic calcification B. Dystrophic calcification C. Hyaline change D. Steatosis

Answer 7

B. Dystrophic calcification

Question 8

Calcifications occurring in thickened myometrial vessels are specifically known as ______ sclerosis

Answer 8

Monckeberg’s

Question 9

What are Psammoma bodies and how are they formed

Answer 9

Psammoma bodies are structures formed by the concentric deposition of calcium around a necrotic cell which serves as a seed for the deposit The term is derived from the Greek word psammos meaning sand

Question 10

In which of the following tumors are Psammoma bodies characteristically found? Options: A. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid B. Meningioma C. Papillary renal cell carcinoma D. Papillary serous cystadenoma

Answer 10

A B C D

Question 11

Which condition is the primary driver of Metastatic Calcification? Options: A. Local tissue necrosis B. Normal serum calcium levels C. Hypercalcemia increased serum calcium D. Excessive tattooing

Answer 11

C. Hypercalcemia

Question 12

What are common causes of hypercalcemia leading to metastatic calcification? Options: A. Hyperparathyroidism B. Bone destruction e.g. tumors C. Vitamin D disorders D. Renal failure phosphate retention

Answer 12

A B C D

Question 13

Metastatic calcification occurs in ______ tissues due to systemic metabolic disturbances

Answer 13

Normal

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a category of intracellular accumulation? Options: A. Lipids B. Proteins C. Glycogen D. Carbonates

Answer 14

D. Carbonates

Question 15

Define Steatosis and identify the molecule that accumulates

Answer 15

Steatosis or fatty change is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within cells It represents a reversible form of cell injury

Question 16

In which organs is fatty change steatosis most commonly observed? Options: A. Liver B. Heart C. Kidney D. Brain

Answer 16

A B C

Question 17

In developed countries the most common cause of hepatic steatosis is ______ abuse

Answer 17

Alcohol

Question 18

Non alcoholic fatty liver is frequently associated with which condition? Options: A. Hyperparathyroidism B. Metabolic syndrome C. Anthracosis D. Cysticercosis

Answer 18

B. Metabolic syndrome

Question 19

According to the pathways of intracellular accumulations which mechanisms lead to abnormal deposits? Options: A. Abnormal metabolism B. Defect in protein folding transport C. Lack of a required enzyme D. Ingestion of indigestible materials

Answer 19

A B C D

Question 20

The most common exogenous pigment found in urban air is ______

Answer 20

Carbon

Question 21

What is the term for the blackening of lung tissues due to carbon accumulation? Options: A. Steatosis B. Anthracosis C. Hemosiderosis D. Sclerosis

Answer 21

B. Anthracosis

Question 22

Which pigment is known as the wear and tear pigment? Options: A. Hemosiderin B. Melanin C. Lipofuscin D. Carbon

Answer 22

C. Lipofuscin

Question 23

Lipofuscin granules are typically found in a ______ nuclear intralysosomal location

Answer 23

Peri

Question 24

Describe the appearance and significance of Hemosiderin

Answer 24

Hemosiderin is a golden brown finely granular endogenous pigment derived from hemoglobin It represents large aggregates of ferritin and indicates local or systemic iron excess

Question 25

Which special staining process is used to reveal iron deposits Hemosiderin? Options: A. H and E stain B. Prussian blue reaction C. Ziehl Neelsen stain D. PAS stain

Answer 25

B. Prussian blue reaction

Question 26

______ is a form of localized exogenous pigmentation of the skin

Answer 26

Tattooing

Question 27

Calcification of a dead parasite like Cysticercosis is an example of Options: A. Metastatic calcification B. Dystrophic calcification C. Psammoma formation D. Monckeberg's sclerosis

Answer 27

B. Dystrophic calcification

Question 28

Based on the Quiz Time slide why is option B the correct description for dystrophic calcification

Answer 28

Because dystrophic calcification characteristically occurs in necrotic or damaged tissues while serum calcium levels remain normal distinguishing it from metastatic calcification

Question 29

Which substances can accumulate intracellularly as pigments? Options: A. Lipofuscin B. Hemosiderin C. Carbon D. Triglycerides

Answer 29

A B C

Question 30

In the liver steatosis appears as clear ______ within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

Answer 30

Vacuoles

Question 31

Which intracellular accumulation is specifically associated with Hyaline Change? Options: A. Lipids B. Proteins C. Glycogen D. Pigments

Answer 31

B. Proteins

Question 32

How does renal failure lead to metastatic calcification

Answer 32

Renal failure leads to phosphate retention which induces secondary hyperparathyroidism The resulting hypercalcemia drives the deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues throughout the body

Question 33

Metastatic calcification is most frequently seen in the interstitial tissues of the gastric mucosa kidneys and ______

Answer 33

Lungs

Question 34

Aging heart valves are a common site for Options: A. Metastatic calcification B. Dystrophic calcification C. Steatosis D. Anthracosis

Answer 34

B. Dystrophic calcification

Question 35

The accumulation of abnormal proteins in cells can be caused by mutations that result in defects in protein ______ and transport

Answer 35

Folding

Question 36

Which of the following are causes of Steatosis? Options: A. Toxins B. Protein malnutrition C. Anoxia D. Obesity

Answer 36

A B C D

Question 37

Lipofuscin is composed of Options: A. Iron and protein B. Undigested lipids and proteins from peroxidized membranes C. Pure carbon D. Triglycerides

Answer 37

B. Undigested lipids and proteins from peroxidized membranes

Question 38

In the liver hemosiderin appears as ______ brown granules under light microscopy

Answer 38

Golden

Question 39

Differentiate between the microscopic appearance of steatosis and Dystrophic calcification on an H and E stain

Answer 39

Steatosis appears as clear well defined cytoplasmic vacuoles fat is washed out during processing Dystrophic calcification appears as basophilic purple blue granular or clumped deposits

Question 40

Which pigment can be found in a localized area of the skin after being injected by a needle? Options: A. Hemosiderin B. Lipofuscin C. Tattoo pigment D. Melanin

Answer 40

C. Tattoo pigment